Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome (lower estimates of ~1%).[1][2]
ERVs are a vertically inherited proviral sequence and a subclass of a type of genecalled a transposon, which can normally be packaged and moved within the genome to serve a vital role in gene expression and in regulation.[3][4] ERVs however lack most transposon function, are typically not infectious and are often defective genomic remnants of the retroviral replication cycle.[5][6] They are distinguished as germlineprovirus retroelements due to their integration and reverse-transcription into the nuclear genome of the host cell.
Researchers have suggested that retroviruses evolved from a type of transposon called a retrotransposon, a Class I element;[7] these genes can mutate and instead of moving to another location in the genome they can become exogenous or pathogenic. This means that not all ERVs may have originated as an insertion by a retrovirus but that some may have been the source for the genetic information in the retroviruses they resemble.[8] When integration of viral DNA occurs in the germ-line, it can give rise to an ERV, which can later become fixed in the gene pool of the host population.[1][9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus
Endogenous Retrovirus
See also[edit]
icon Viruses portal
Avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV)
Endogenous viral element
ERV3
HERV-FRD
Horizontal gene transfer
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV)
Koala retrovirus (KoRV)
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)
Murine leukemia virus (MLV) and xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV)
Paleovirology
In mammals, intact env proteins called syncytins are responsible for the formation and function of syncytiotrophoblasts.[15] These multinucleated cells are mainly responsible for maintaining nutrient exchange and separating the fetus from the mother's immune system.[15] It has been suggested that the selection and fixation of these proteins for this function have played a critical role in the evolution of viviparity.[30]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus
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