TeX (/tɛx/, see below), stylized within the system as TEX, is a typesetting system which was designed and written by Donald Knuth[1] and first released in 1978. TeX is a popular means of typesetting complex mathematical formulae; it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital typographical systems.[2]
TeX is widely used in academia, especially in mathematics, computer science, economics, political science, engineering, linguistics, physics, statistics, and quantitative psychology. It has largely displaced Unix troff,[b] the other favored formatting system, in many Unix installations which use both for different purposes. It is also used for many other typesetting tasks, especially in the form of LaTeX,[3] ConTeXt, and other macro packages.
TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books with minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time (together with the Metafont language for font description and the Computer Modern family of typefaces).[4] TeX is free software, which made it accessible to a wide range of users.
Developer(s) Donald Knuth Initial release 1978; 43 years ago
Stable release 3.141592653 / February 2021; 7 months ago Repository www.tug.org/svn/texlive/
Written in WEB/Pascal Operating system Cross-platform Type Typesetting
Website tug.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX
LaTeX (/ˈlɑːtɛx/ LAH-tekh or /ˈleɪtɛx/ LAY-tekh,[1] often stylized as LATEX) is a software system for document preparation.[2] When writing, the writer uses plain text as opposed to the formatted text found in "What You See Is What You Get" word processors like Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer and Apple Pages. The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the general structure of a document (such as article, book, and letter), to stylise text throughout a document (such as bold and italics), and to add citations and cross-references. A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MiKTeX is used to produce an output file (such as PDF or DVI) suitable for printing or digital distribution.
The LaTeX Project logo
Original author(s) Leslie Lamport
Initial release 1984; 37 years ago
Repository
github.com/latex3/latex2e Edit this at Wikidata
Type Typesetting
License LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
Website latex-project.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX
LibreOffice Writer is the free and open-source word processor and desktop publishing component of the LibreOffice software package and is a fork of OpenOffice.org Writer. Writer is a word processor similar to Microsoft Word and Corel's WordPerfect with many similar features, and file format compatibility.[5][6]
LibreOffice Writer is released under the Mozilla Public License v2.0.[4]
As with the entire LibreOffice suite, Writer can be used across a variety of platforms, including Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice_Writer
Computer Modern is the original family of typefaces used by the typesetting program TeX. It was created by Donald Knuth with his Metafont program, and was most recently updated in 1992.[1] Computer Modern, or variants of it, remains very widely used in scientific publishing, especially in disciplines that make frequent use of mathematical notation.
 | |
| Category | Serif |
|---|---|
| Classification | Didone |
| Designer(s) | Donald Knuth |
| License | SIL Open Font License |
 | |
| Sample | |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Modern
The STIX Fonts project or Scientific and Technical Information Exchange (STIX), is a project sponsored by several leading scientific and technical publishers to provide, under royalty-free license, a comprehensive font set of mathematical symbols and alphabets, intended to serve the scientific and engineering community for electronic and print publication. The STIX fonts are available as fully hinted OpenType/CFF fonts.[2] There is currently no TrueType version of the STIX fonts available, but the STIX Mission Statement includes the intention to create one in the future.[3] However, there exists an unofficial conversion of STIX Fonts (from the beta version release) to TrueType, suitable for use with software without OpenType support.[4]
STIX fonts also include[5] natural language glyphs for Latin, Greek and Cyrillic. The family is designed to be visually compatible with the Times New Roman family, a popular choice in book publishing.
 | |
| Category | Various |
|---|---|
| Classification | Transitional |
| Commissioned by | STIX Pub |
| Foundry | MicroPress and others |
| Date created | 2008 |
| Website | stixfonts |
| Latest release version | 2.13[1]  |
| Latest release date | 3 May 2021 |
Pico (Pine composer) is a text editor for Unix and Unix-based computer systems. It is integrated with the Pine e-mail client, which was designed by the Office of Computing and Communications at the University of Washington.[1]
From the Pine FAQ: "Pine's message composition editor is also available as a separate stand-alone program, called PICO. PICO is a very simple and easy-to-use text editor offering paragraph justification, cut/paste, and a spelling checker...".[2]
Pico does not support working with several files simultaneously and cannot perform a find and replace across multiple files. It also cannot copy partial text from one file to another (though it is possible to read text into the editor from a whole file in its working directory). Pico does support search and replace operations.
By comparison, some popular Unix text editors such as vi and Emacs provide a wider range of features than Pico; including regular expression search and replace, and working with multiple files at the same time. By comparison, Pico's simplicity makes it suitable for beginners.[3]
A clone of Pico called nano, which is part of the GNU Project,[4] was developed because Pico's earlier license had unclear redistribution terms.[5] Newer versions of Pico as part of Alpine are released under the Apache Licenseversion 2.0.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_(text_editor)
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation. The SVG specification is an open standarddeveloped by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) since 1999.
SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files. This means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed, and can be scaled in size without loss of quality. As XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, as well as with drawing software. The most-used web browsers render SVG files.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics
In computing, plain text is a loose term for data (e.g. file contents) that represent only characters of readable material but not its graphical representation nor other objects (floating-point numbers, images, etc.). It may also include a limited number of "whitespace" characters that affect simple arrangement of text, such as spaces, line breaks, or tabulation characters (although tab characters can "mean" many different things, so are hardly "plain"). Plain text is different from formatted text, where style information is included; from structured text, where structural parts of the document such as paragraphs, sections, and the like are identified; and from binary files in which some portions must be interpreted as binary objects (encoded integers, real numbers, images, etc.).
The term is sometimes used quite loosely, to mean files that contain only "readable" content (or just files with nothing that the speaker doesn't prefer). For example, that could exclude any indication of fonts or layout (such as markup, markdown, or even tabs); characters such as curly quotes, non-breaking spaces, soft hyphens, em dashes, and/or ligatures; or other things.
In principle, plain text can be in any encoding, but occasionally the term is taken to imply ASCII. As Unicode-based encodings such as UTF-8 and UTF-16 become more common, that usage may be shrinking.
Plain text is also sometimes used only to exclude "binary" files: those in which at least some parts of the file cannot be correctly interpreted via the character encoding in effect. For example, a file or string consisting of "hello" (in whatever encoding), following by 4 bytes that express a binary integer that is not just a character(s), is a binary file, not plain text by even the loosest common usages. Put another way, translating a plain text file to a character encoding that uses entirely different numbers to represent characters does not change the meaning (so long as you know what encoding is in use), but for binary files such a conversion does change the meaning of at least some parts of the file.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text
In computing, data storage, and data transmission, character encoding is used to represent a repertoire of charactersby some kind of encoding system that assigns a number to each character for digital representation.[1] Depending on the abstraction level and context, corresponding code points and the resulting code space may be regarded as bit patterns, octets, natural numbers, electrical pulses, or anything of the like. A character encoding is used in computation, data storage, and transmission of textual data. "Character set", "character map", "codeset" and "code page" are related, but not identical, terms.
Early character codes associated with the optical or electrical telegraph could only represent a subset of the characters used in written languages, sometimes restricted to upper case letters, numerals and some punctuation only. The low cost of digital representation of data in modern computer systems allows more elaborate character codes (such as Unicode) which represent most of the characters used in many written languages. Character encoding using internationally accepted standards permits worldwide interchange of text in electronic form.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding
In computer programming, whitespace is any character or series of characters that represent horizontal or vertical space in typography. When rendered, a whitespace character does not correspond to a visible mark, but typically does occupy an area on a page. For example, the common whitespace symbol U+0020 SPACE (also ASCII 32) represents a blank space punctuation character in text, used as a word divider in Western scripts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitespace_character
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