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Saturday, August 28, 2021

08-28-2021-1155 - Crustacean Disease (water, soil, crustacean acquatic to arthropod soil; dust mites, midge, mosquito, aphid, agriculture; import/export; handling/virus; shallot; grass; beef; plants; animals; insects; internal bacteria-parasite-fung-etc. of crustacean; crusteous protist-protozoa-amoeba-insect-very small organism-mite-flea-lice-tick-larvae-etc.; insect parasites with human hosts; insect parasites human infection; water breeders; still water breeders; aerosol; toxins; cretenacous (cretenacious); chondroid; cartilidgenous; etc.)

Crustacean Disease

  • Advances in diagnostic methods for mollusc, crustacean and finfish diseases

    A. Adams, K.D. Thompson, in Infectious Disease in Aquaculture, 2012

    5.3.1 Crustacean diseases

    The global crustacean aquaculture industry is worth more than US$10 billion. A growing number of crustacean species (including crabs, lobsters and prawns) are intensively farmed, and increased production and movement of live products have led to the emergence of several internationally important crustacean diseases. In the past 15 years losses due to disease have been estimated to be in the region of $15 billion, of which 60% of losses were attributed to viruses and 20% to bacteria (Flegel et al., 2008).

    In contrast to finfish and shellfish, aquaculture production of crustaceans within Europe accounts for around 2000 Mt/annum, with a total value of $3 m (Stentiford et al., 2009). Three of the globally significant crustacean diseases are currently listed in Europe under EC Council Directive 2006/88/EC adopted during 2008; these being white spot disease (WSD), yellowhead disease (YHD) caused by yellowhead virus (YHV), and Taura syndrome (TS) caused by TSV. WSD is currently listed as a ‘non-exotic’ pathogen to the EU, based on its reported occurrence in penaeid shrimp farms in southern Europe (see Stentiford et al., 2009), while YHD and TS are listed as exotic due to their absence from the EU. The listing of these diseases is in recognition of their global importance in causing significant economic losses and the potential for their international transfer via the transboundary trade in live animals and their products (Stentiford et al., 2009). Other crustacean diseases listed as notifiable by the OIE are crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV).

    Diagnostic methods include the traditional methods of gross pathology, histopathology, classical microbiology, animal bioassay, antibody-based methods, and molecular methods using DNA probes and DNA amplification.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/crustacean-disease

    Impacts of crustacean invasions on parasite dynamics in aquatic ecosystems: A plea for parasite-focused studies

    While there is considerable interest in, and good evidence for, the role that parasites play in biological invasions, the potential parallel effects of species introduction on parasite dynamics have clearly received less attention. Indeed, much effort has been focused on how parasites can facilitate or limit invasions, and positively or negatively impact native host species and recipient communities. Contrastingly, the potential consequences of biological invasions for the diversity and dynamics of both native and introduced parasites have been and are still mainly overlooked, although successful invasion by non-native host species may have large, contrasting and unpredictable effects on parasites. This review looks at the links between biological invasions and pathogens, and particularly at crustacean invasions in aquatic ecosystems and their potential effects on native and invasive parasites, and discusses what often remains unknown even from well-documented systems. Aquatic crustaceans are hosts to many parasites and are often invasive. Published studies show that crustacean invasion can have highly contrasting effects on parasite dynamics, even when invasive host and parasite species are phylogenetically close to their native counterparts. These effects seem to be dependent on multiple factors such as host suitability, parasite life-cycle or host-specific resistance to parasitic manipulation. Furthermore, introduced hosts can have drastically contrasting effects on parasite standing crop and transmission, two parameters that should be independently assessed before drawing any conclusion on the potential effects of novel hosts on parasites and the key processes influencing disease dynamics following biological invasions. I conclude by calling for greater recognition of biological invasions’ effects on parasite dynamics, more parasite-focused studies and suggest some potential ways to assess these effects.

    Keywords

    Invasive species
    Spillover
    Spillback
    Crustacean
    Amphipod
    Complex life cycle
    Parasite transmission

    1. Introduction

    Biological invasions are a global phenomenon resulting in profound changes in native communities (Simon and Townsend, 2003, White et al., 2006, Nalepa et al., 2009). Invasive species are among the main drivers of biodiversity decline, threatening both the environment and economy (Simberloff et al., 2013). Invasion rate and occurrence are constantly increasing due largely to global trade and travel (Dick and Platvoet, 2000, Keller et al., 2011). Invasive species may affect native species through direct competitive interactions or predation and indirectly through resource exploitation. The impact of invasive species can also extend beyond obvious effects of competition and predation on native species (Snyder and Evans, 2006). For example, pathogens can both influence and be affected by biological invasions. Native parasite communities and dynamics can be impacted by both introduced host and co-introduced parasite species (Telfer and Bown, 2012). However, our understanding of the effects of biological invasions and of the factors influencing invasive species impacts on parasites dynamics is still limited.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224417300196


    https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.574721/full

    https://www.vims.edu/research/departments/eaah/programs/crustacean/research/diseases_blue_crab/index.php

    https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/disease/pdfs/crustaceandiseases/prokaryotic_intracytoplasmic_inclusions.pdf

    The Global Diversity of Parasitic Isopods Associated with Crustacean Hosts (Isopoda: Bopyroidea and Cryptoniscoidea)

    Parasitic isopods of Bopyroidea and Cryptoniscoidea (commonly referred to as epicarideans) are unique in using crustaceans as both intermediate and definitive hosts. In total, 795 epicarideans are known, representing ∼7.7% of described isopods. The rate of description of parasitic species has not matched that of free-living isopods and this disparity will likely continue due to the more cryptic nature of these parasites. Distribution patterns of epicarideans are influenced by a combination of their definitive (both benthic and pelagic species) and intermediate (pelagic copepod) host distributions, although host specificity is poorly known for most species. Among epicarideans, nearly all species in Bopyroidea are ectoparasitic on decapod hosts. Bopyrids are the most diverse taxon (605 species), with their highest diversity in the North West Pacific (139 species), East Asian Sea (120 species), and Central Indian Ocean (44 species). The diversity patterns of Cryptoniscoidea (99 species, endoparasites of a diverse assemblage of crustacean hosts) are distinct from bopyrids, with the greatest diversity of cryptoniscoids in the North East Atlantic (18 species) followed by the Antarctic, Mediterranean, and Arctic regions (13, 12, and 8 species, respectively). Dajidae (54 species, ectoparasites of shrimp, mysids, and euphausids) exhibits highest diversity in the Antarctic (7 species) with 14 species in the Arctic and North East Atlantic regions combined. Entoniscidae (37 species, endoparasites within anomuran, brachyuran and shrimp hosts) show highest diversity in the North West Pacific (10 species) and North East Atlantic (8 species). Most epicarideans are known from relatively shallow waters, although some bopyrids are known from depths below 4000 m. Lack of parasitic groups in certain geographic areas is likely a sampling artifact and we predict that the Central Indian Ocean and East Asian Sea (in particular, the Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago) hold a wealth of undescribed species, reflecting our knowledge of host diversity patterns.

    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035350

    Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworms which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriasis is D. latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. D. latum is a pseudophyllid cestode that infects fish and mammals. D. latum is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest. In Far East Russia, D. klebanovskii, having Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host, was identified.[1]

    Other members of the genus Diphyllobothrium include D. dendriticum (the salmon tapeworm), which has a much larger range (the whole northern hemisphere), D. pacificum, D. cordatum, D. ursi, D. lanceolatum, D. dalliae, and D. yonagoensis, all of which infect humans only infrequently. In Japan, the most common species in human infection is D. nihonkaiense, which was only identified as a separate species from D. latum in 1986.[2] More recently, a molecular study found D. nihonkaiense and D. klebanovskii to be a single species.[3]

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphyllobothrium


    Niclosamide, sold under the brand name Niclocide among others, is a medication used to treat tapeworm infestations.[2] This includes diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, and taeniasis.[2] It is not effective against other worms such as pinworms or roundworms.[3] It is taken by mouth.[2]

    Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and itchiness.[2] It may be used during pregnancy and appears to be safe for the baby.[2] Niclosamide is in the anthelmintic family of medications.[3] It works by blocking the uptake of sugar by the worm.[4]

    Niclosamide was discovered in 1958.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6]It is not commercially available in the United States.[3] It is effective in a number of other animals.[4]

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niclosamide


    Nigritoxin is a bacterial toxin for crustaceans and insects

    • Yannick Labreuche, 
    • Sabine Chenivesse, 
    • Alexandra Jeudy, 
    • Sophie Le Panse, 
    • Viviane Boulo, 
    • Dominique Ansquer, 
    • Sylvie Pagès, 
    • Alain Givaudan, 
    • Mirjam Czjzek & 
    • Frédérique Le Roux 

      • Nature Communications volume 8, Article number: 1248 (2017) Cite this article

      The Tetraconata (Pancrustacea) concept proposes that insects are more closely related to aquatic crustaceans than to terrestrial centipedes or millipedes. The question therefore arises whether insects have kept crustacean-specific genetic traits that could be targeted by specific toxins. Here we show that a toxin (nigritoxin), originally identified in a bacterial pathogen of shrimp, is lethal for organisms within the Tetraconata and non-toxic to other animals. X-ray crystallography reveals that nigritoxin possesses a new protein fold of the α/β type. The nigritoxin N-terminal domain is essential for cellular translocation and likely encodes specificity for Tetraconata. Once internalized by eukaryotic cells, nigritoxin induces apoptotic cell death through structural features that are localized in the C-terminal domain of the protein. We propose that nigritoxin will be an effective means to identify a Tetraconata evolutionarily conserved pathway and speculate that nigritoxin holds promise as an insecticidal protein.

      https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01445-z

      Parasitic infections of the lung: a guide for the respiratory physician
        FREE

      1. H Kunst1, 
      2. D Mack2, 
      3. O M Kon3, 
      4. A K Banerjee4, 
      5. P Chiodini2,5, 
      6. A Grant5
      1. Correspondence to Heinke Kunst, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK; hkunst@doctors.org.uk

      Abstract

      Parasitic infections of the lung occur worldwide among both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients and may affect the respiratory system in a variety of ways. This review provides an update on the presenting symptoms, signs, investigation and management of diseases affecting the lung caused by protozoa, nematodes and trematodes. The clinical presentations and radiographic findings of several of these diseases may mimic tuberculosis and malignancy. It is important to consider parasitic infections in the differential diagnosis of such lung diseases. If identified early, most parasitic diseases that affect the lung are curable with medical or surgical treatments.

      http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.132217

      https://thorax.bmj.com/content/66/6/528

       2014; 2014: 874021. 
      Published online 2014 Jun 9. doi: 10.1155/2014/874021
      PMCID: PMC4068046
      PMID: 24995332

      Parasitic Pneumonia and Lung Involvement

      Attapon Cheepsattayakorn 1 , 2 ,* and  Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn 3
      Author information Article notes Copyright and License information
      Parasitic infestations demonstrated a decline in the past decade as a result of better hygiene practices and improved socioeconomic conditions. Nevertheless, global immigration, increased numbers of the immunocompromised people, international traveling, global warming, and rapid urbanization of the cities have increased the susceptibility of the world population to parasitic diseases. A number of new human parasites, such as Plasmodium knowlesi, in addition to many potential parasites, have urged the interest of scientific community. A broad spectrum of protozoal parasites frequently affects the respiratory system, particularly the lungs. The diagnosis of parasitic diseases of airway is challenging due to their wide varieties of clinical and roentgenographic presentations. So detailed interrogations of travel history to endemic areas are critical for clinicians or pulmonologists to manage this entity. The migrating adult worms can cause mechanical airway obstruction, while the larvae can cause airway inflammation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of both protozoal and helminthic infestations that affect the airway system, particularly the lungs, including clinical and roentgenographic presentations, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic approaches.
      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4068046/




      above. Ciara - 1, 2 Step (Official Video) ft. Missy Elliott

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