Prevotella intermedia
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| Species: | P. intermedia |
Prevotella intermedia (formerly Bacteroides intermedius) is a gram-negative, obligate anaerobic pathogenic bacterium involved in periodontal infections, including gingivitis and periodontitis, and often found in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. It is commonly isolated from dental abscesses, where obligate anaerobes predominate. P. intermedia is thought to be more prevalent in patients with noma. [1]
P. intermedia use steroid hormones as growth factors, so their numbers are higher in pregnant women.[citation needed] It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.[2]
See also[edit]
Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar.
It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in periodontal disease,[1] as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract and the colon. It has been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.[2]
Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It has been shown in an in vitro study that P. gingivaliscan invade human gingival fibroblasts and can survive in the presence of antibiotics.[3] P. gingivalis invades gingival epithelial cells in high numbers, in which case both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring P. gingivalis.
P. gingivalis infection[4] has been linked to Alzheimer's disease[5] and rheumatoid arthritis. It contains the enzyme peptidyl-arginine deiminase, which is involved in citrullination.[6]Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have increased incidence of periodontal disease;[7]antibodies against the bacterium are significantly more common in these patients.[8]
P. gingivalis is divided into K-serotypes based upon capsular antigenicity of the various types.[9] These serotypes have been the drivers of observations regarding bacterial cell to cell interactions to the associated serotype-dependent immune response and risk with pancreatic cancer.[10][11]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyromonas_gingivalis
Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a fastidious, slow-growing, Gram-negative rod of the genus Capnocytophaga.[1][2] It is a commensal bacterium in the normal gingival flora of canine and feline species, but can cause illness in humans. Transmission may occur through bites, licks, or even close proximity with animals.[3] C. canimorsus generally has low virulence in healthy individuals,[4] but has been observed to cause severe, even grave, illness in persons with pre-existing conditions.[5] The pathogenesis of C. canimorsus is still largely unknown, but increased clinical diagnoses have fostered an interest in the bacillus. Treatment with antibiotics is effective in most cases, but the most important yet basic diagnostic tool available to clinicians remains the knowledge of recent exposure to canines or felines.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnocytophaga_canimorsus
Tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterial species of the Cytophaga-Bacteroidetes family. It has been implicated in periodontal diseases and is a member of the red complex of periodontal pathogens.[1][2] T. forsythia was previously named Bacteroides forsythus and Tannerella forsythensis.[3][4][5][6]
Tannerella forsythia was discovered by and named after Dr. Anne Tanner who works at The Forsyth Institute located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[citation needed]
T. forsythia has been identified in atherosclerotic lesions. Lee et al. found that infecting mice with T. forsythia induced foam cell formation and accelerated the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.[7] It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.[8] The presence of oral T. forsythia has been found to be associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer.[9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannerella_forsythia
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