Subcategories

This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.

C

Carbon‎ (5 C, 43 P)

P

Phosphorus‎ (3 C, 24 P)

S

Selenium‎ (2 C, 13 P)
Sulfur‎ (7 C, 32 P)

Pages in category "Polyatomic nonmetals"

The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

Polyatomic nonmetal

C

Carbon

P

Phosphorus

S

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polyatomic_nonmetals

Category:Reactive nonmetals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Main section: Nonmetal#Reactive nonmetal

Pages in category "Reactive nonmetals"

The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

B
Bromine

C
Carbon
Chlorine

F
Fluorine

H
Hydrogen

I
Iodine

N
Nitrogen

O
Oxygen

P
Phosphorus

R
Reactive nonmetal

S
Selenium
Sulfur

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Reactive_nonmetals

Category:Pyrotechnic fuels

Sapphire
Sapphire
	Sapphire gemstone
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#082567
HSV (h, s, v)	(222°, 86%, 22%)
sRGBB (r, g, b)	(8, 37, 103)
Source	99Colors
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep blue
	B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte); H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Oxford Blue
Oxford Blue
Colour coordinates
Hex triplet	#002147
HSV (h, s, v)	(212°, 100%, 28%)
sRGBB (r, g, b)	(0, 33, 71)
Source	Oxford Branding Guidelines
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Dark blue
	B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte); H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Georg Ernst Stahl
Georg Ernst Stahl
	Georg Ernst Stahl
Born	22 October 1659; Ansbach, Holy Roman Empire
Died	24 May 1734 (aged 74); Berlin, Holy Roman Empire
Nationality	German
Alma mater	University of Jena
Known for	Phlogiston theory; Fermentation
	Scientific career
Fields	Chemistry
Institutions	University of Halle
Influences	J. J. Becher

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Subcategories

This category has only the following subcategory.

R

Rocket fuels‎ (42 P)

Pages in category "Pyrotechnic fuels"

The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

A

Aluminium

B

C

F

Ferrotitanium

I

Iron

M

P

Phosphorus

S

T

Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyrotechnic_fuels

09-07-2021-1553 - Hexazine (also known as hexaazabenzene)

Hexazine (also known as hexaazabenzene) is a hypothetical allotrope of nitrogen composed of 6 nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring-like structure analogous to that of benzene. It would be the final member of the azabenzene (azine) series, in which all of the methine groups of the benzene molecule have been replaced with nitrogen atoms. The two last members of this series, hexazine and pentazine, have not been observed, although all other members of the azine series have (such as pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, triazines, and tetrazines).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexazine

09-07-2021-1401 - Methylidynephosphane (phosphaethyne

 Methylidynephosphane (phosphaethyne) is a chemical compound which was the first phosphaalkyne compound discovered, containing the unusual C≡P carbon-phosphorus triple bond.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylidynephosphane

Tuesday, September 7, 2021

09-07-2021-1358 - Cyaphide

Cyaphide, P≡C⁻, is the phosphorus analogue of cyanide. It is not known as a discrete salt, however In silico measurements reveal that the −1 charge in this ion is located mainly on carbon (0.65), as opposed to phosphorus.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaphide

Biperiden, sold under the brand name Akineton among others, is a medication used to treat Parkinson disease and certain drug-induced movement disorders.^[1] It is not recommended for tardive dyskinesias.^[2] It is taken by mouth, injection into a vein, or muscle.^[1]^[2]

Common side effects include blurred vision, dry mouth, sleepiness, constipation, and confusion.^[1] It should not be used in people with a bowel obstruction or glaucoma.^[1]It is unclear if use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe.^[3] Biperiden is in the anticholinergic family of medication.^[1]

Biperiden was approved for medical use in the United States in 1959.^[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.^[4] Biperiden is no longer marketed in the United States.^[5]^[6]^[7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biperiden

Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) or 2-PAM, usually as the chloride or iodide salts, belongs to a family of compounds called oximes that bind to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase.^[1] It is used to treat organophosphate poisoning^[2] in conjunction with atropine and either diazepam or midazolam. It is a white solid.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pralidoxime

Cyprodenate (Actebral) is a stimulant drug.^[1] It was used for counteracting the effects of benzodiazepine tranquillizer drugs before the development of newer antidotes such as flumazenil.^[2] It produces dimethylethanolamine as a metabolite.^{[citation needed]}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprodenate}

Physostigmine (also known as eserine from éséré, the West African name for the Calabar bean) is a highly toxic parasympathomimetic alkaloid, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It occurs naturally in the Calabar bean and the Manchineel tree.

The chemical was synthesized for the first time in 1935 by Percy Lavon Julian and Josef Pikl. It is available in the U.S. under the trade names Antilirium and Isopto Eserine, and as eserine salicylate and eserine sulfate. Today, physostigmine is most commonly used for its medicinal value. However, before its discovery by Sir Robert Christison in 1846, it was much more prevalent as an ordeal poison. The positive medical applications of the drug were first suggested in the gold medal-winning final thesis of Thomas Richard Fraser at the University of Edinburgh in 1862.^[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physostigmine

Bemegride (trademarked as Megimide) is a central nervous system stimulant.^[1]The drug was first made in 1911.^[2] It has been used in hypnotic overdose.^[1]

As with other chemoreceptor agonists, it is a potent emetic at doses above those normally used in management of barbiturate overdose although emesis and aspiration are a concern during treatment.

It is a controlled substance.^[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemegride

Heparin, also known as unfractionated heparin (UFH), is a medication and naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan.^[2]^[3] As a medication it is used as an anticoagulant.^[2] Specifically it is also used in the treatment of heart attacks and unstable angina.^[2] It is given by injection into a vein or under the skin.^[2] Other uses include inside test tubes and kidney dialysis machines.^[3]^[4]

Common side effects include bleeding, pain at the injection site, and low blood platelets.^[2] Serious side effects include heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.^[2]Greater care is needed in those with poor kidney function.^[2]

Heparin is contraindicated for suspected cases of vaccine-induced pro-thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VIPIT) secondary to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, as heparin may further increase the risk of bleeding in an anti-PF4/heparin complex autoimmune manner, in favor of alternative anticoagulant medications (such as argatroban or danaparoid).^[5]^[6]^[7]

Heparin appears to be relatively safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.^[8]Heparin is produced by basophils and mast cells in all mammals.^[9]

The discovery of heparin was announced in 1916.^[10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.^[11] A fractionated version of heparin, known as low molecular weight heparin, is also available.^[12]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin

Hydroxocobalamin, also known as vitamin B_12a and hydroxycobalamin, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.^[2] As a supplement it is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency including pernicious anemia.^[2]^[3] Other uses include treatment for cyanide poisoning, Leber's optic atrophy, and toxic amblyopia.^[4]^[5] It is given by injection into a muscle or vein.^[3]

Side effects are generally few.^[3] They may include diarrhea, low blood potassium, allergic reactions, and high blood pressure.^[3] Normal doses are considered safe in pregnancy.^[1] Hydroxocobalamin is the natural form of vitamin B₁₂ and a member of the cobalamin family of compounds.^[6]^[7] Hydroxocobalamin, or another form of vitamin B₁₂, are required for the body to make DNA.^[7]

Hydroxocobalamin was first isolated in 1949.^[8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.^[9] Hydroxocobalamin is available as a generic medication.^[3] Commercially it is made using one of a number of types of bacteria.^[10]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin

Amyl nitrite is a chemical compound with the formula C₅H₁₁ONO. A variety of isomers are known, but they all feature an amyl group attached to the nitritefunctional group. The alkyl group is unreactive and the chemical and biological properties are mainly due to the nitrite group. Like other alkyl nitrites, amyl nitrite is bioactive in mammals, being a vasodilator, which is the basis of its use as a prescription medicine. As an inhalant, it also has a psychoactive effect, which has led to its recreational use with its smell being described as that of old socks or dirty feet.^[1] It is also referred to as banapple gas.^[2]

It was first documented in 1844 and came into medical use in 1867.^[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyl_nitrite

Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage). They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a specific antigen, each identifying a different epitope.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyclonal_antibodies

Category:Antitoxins

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of articles about antitoxins — including antisera and antivenins — used (or formerly used) to treat disease in humans or animals.

Pages in category "Antitoxins"

The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

A

C

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Antitoxins}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivenom}

Names
IUPAC name
Iron(II,III) hexacyanoferrate(II,III)
Other names

Berlin blue
Ferric ferrocyanide
Ferric hexacyanoferrate
Iron(III) ferrocyanide
Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)
Parisian blue
Identifiers

CAS Number

14038-43-8

3D model (JSmol)

Interactive image
ChEBI

CHEBI:30069

ChEMBL

ChEMBL2096629

ChemSpider

20074656

ECHA InfoCard 100.034.418

EC Number

237-875-5

Gmelin Reference 1093743

PubChem CID

2724251
UNII

TLE294X33A

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

DTXSID9047756

show
InChI

show
SMILES
Properties

Chemical formula C18Fe7N18
Molar mass 859.239 g·mol−1
Appearance Blue opaque crystals

Solubility in water Insoluble
Pharmacology

ATC code V03AB31 (WHO)

Routes of
administration Oral
Hazards
Safety data sheet MSDS Prussian blue
Related compounds

Other cations Potassium ferrocyanide

Sodium ferrocyanide

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

verify (what is

?)
Infobox references

Prussian blue

Color coordinates
Hex triplet #003153
HSV (h, s, v) (205°, 100%, 32%)
sRGBB (r, g, b) (0, 49, 83)
Source [1]
ISCC–NBS descriptor Dark blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Prussian blue (also known as Berlin blue or, in painting, Parisian or Paris blue) is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. It has the chemical formula FeIII
4[FeII
(CN)
6]
3. Turnbull's blue is chemically identical, but is made from different reagents, and its slightly different color stems from different impurities.

Prussian blue was the first modern synthetic pigment. It is prepared as a very fine colloidal dispersion, because the compound is not soluble in water. It contains variable amounts[1] of other ions and its appearance depends sensitively on the size of the colloidal particles. The pigment is used in paints, and it is the traditional "blue" in blueprints and aizuri-e (藍摺り絵) Japanese woodblock prints.

In medicine, orally administered Prussian blue is used as an antidote for certain kinds of heavy metal poisoning, e.g., by thallium(I) and radioactive isotopes of caesium. The therapy exploits the compound's ion-exchange properties and high affinity for certain "soft" metal cations.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[2] Prussian blue lent its name to prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) derived from it. In German, hydrogen cyanide is called Blausäure ("blue acid"). French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussacgave cyanide its name, from the Ancient Greek word κύανος (kyanos, "blue"), because of its Prussian blue color.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue

Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm).[1] This includes fungal infections of the nails and scalp, as well as the skin when antifungal creams have not worked.[2] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Common side effects include allergic reactions, nausea, diarrhea, headache, trouble sleeping, and feeling tired.[1] It is not recommended in people with liver failure or porphyria.[1] Use during or in the months before pregnancy may result in harm to the baby.[1][2] Griseofulvin works by interfering with fungal mitosis.[1]

Griseofulvin was discovered in 1939 from the soil fungus Penicillium griseofulvum.[3][4][5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6]

The drug binds to tubulin, interfering with microtubule function, thus inhibiting mitosis. It binds to keratin in keratin precursor cells and makes them resistant to fungal infections. The drug reaches its site of action only when hair or skin is replaced by the keratin-griseofulvin complex. Griseofulvin then enters the dermatophyte through energy-dependent transport processes and binds to fungal microtubules. This alters the processing for mitosis and also underlying information for deposition of fungal cell walls.
Metabolism Liver (demethylation and glucuronidation)

It is produced industrially by fermenting the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum.[10][11][12]

The first step in the biosynthesis of griseofulvin by P. griseofulvin is the synthesis of the 14-carbon poly-β-keto chain by a type I iterative polyketide synthase (PKS) via iterative addition of 6 malonyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA starter unit. The 14-carbon poly-β-keto chain undergoes cyclization/aromatization, using cyclase/aromatase, respectively, through a Claisen and aldol condensation to form the benzophenoneintermediate. The benzophenone intermediate is then methylated via S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) twice to yield griseophenone C. The griseophenone C is then halogenated at the activated site ortho to the phenol group on the left aromatic ring to form griseophenone B. The halogenated species then undergoes a single phenolic oxidation in both rings forming the two oxygen diradical species. The right oxygen radical shifts alpha to the carbonyl via resonance allowing for a stereospecific radical coupling by the oxygen radical on the left ring forming a tetrahydrofuranone species.[13] The newly formed grisan skeleton with a spiro center is then O-methylated by SAM to generate dehydrogriseofulvin. Ultimately, a stereoselective reduction of the olefin on dehydrogriseofulvin by NADPH affords griseofulvin.[14][15]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griseofulvin

Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of organic molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on surfaces by adsorption and are organized into more or less large ordered domains.^[1]^[2] In some cases molecules that form the monolayer do not interact strongly with the substrate. This is the case for instance of the two-dimensional supramolecular networks^[3] of e.g. perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride(PTCDA) on gold^[4] or of e.g. porphyrins on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite(HOPG).^[5] In other cases the molecules possess a head group that has a strong affinity to the substrate and anchors the molecule to it.^[1] Such a SAM consisting of a head group, tail and functional end group is depicted in Figure 1. Common head groups include thiols, silanes, phosphonates, etc.

Figure 1. Representation of a SAM structure

SAMs are created by the chemisorption of "head groups" onto a substrate from either the vapor or liquid phase^[6]^[7] followed by a slow organization of "tail groups".^[8]Initially, at small molecular density on the surface, adsorbate molecules form either a disordered mass of molecules or form an ordered two-dimensional "lying down phase",^[6] and at higher molecular coverage, over a period of minutes to hours, begin to form three-dimensional crystalline or semicrystalline structures on the substrate surface.^[9] The "head groups" assemble together on the substrate, while the tail groups assemble far from the substrate. Areas of close-packed molecules nucleate and grow until the surface of the substrate is covered in a single monolayer.

Adsorbate molecules adsorb readily because they lower the surface free-energy of the substrate^[1] and are stable due to the strong chemisorption of the "head groups." These bonds create monolayers that are more stable than the physisorbed bonds of Langmuir–Blodgett films.^[10]^[11] A Trichlorosilane based "head group", for example in a FDTSmolecule, reacts with a hydroxyl group on a substrate, and forms very stable, covalent bond [R-Si-O-substrate] with an energy of 452 kJ/mol. Thiol-metal bonds are on the order of 100 kJ/mol, making them fairly stable in a variety of temperatures, solvents, and potentials.^[9] The monolayer packs tightly due to van der Waals interactions,^[1]^[11]thereby reducing its own free energy.^[1] The adsorption can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm if lateral interactions are neglected. If they cannot be neglected, the adsorption is better described by the Frumkin isotherm.^[9]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-assembled_monolayer

Antifungals (D01 and J02)

hidevte

Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators

CAR

Agonists: 6,7-Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb Carbamazepine Carvedilol Chlorpromazine Chrysin CITCO Clotrimazole Cyclophosphamide Cypermethrin DHEA (prasterone) Efavirenz Ellagic acid Griseofulvin Methoxychlor Mifepristone Nefazodone Nevirapine Nicardipine Octicizer Permethrin Phenobarbital Phenytoin Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) Reserpine TCPOBOP Telmisartan Tolnaftate Troglitazone Valproic acid

Antagonists: 3,17β-Estradiol 3α-Androstanol 3α-Androstenol 3β-Androstanol 17-Androstanol AITC Ethinylestradiol Meclizine Nigramide J Okadaic acid PK-11195 S-07662 T-0901317

PXR

Agonists: 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Δ4-Androstenedione Δ5-Androstenediol Δ5-Androstenedione AA-861 Allopregnanediol Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone) Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) Alpha-Lipoic acid Ambrisentan AMI-193 Amlodipine besylate Antimycotics Artemisinin Aurothioglucose Bile acids Bithionol Bosentan Bumecaine Cafestol Cephaloridine Cephradine Chlorpromazine Ciglitazone Clindamycin Clofenvinfos Chloroxine Clotrimazole Colforsin Corticosterone Cyclophosphamide Cyproterone acetate Demecolcine Dexamethasone DHEA (prasterone) DHEA-S (prasterone sulfate) Dibunate sodium Diclazuril Dicloxacillin Dimercaprol Dinaline Docetaxel Docusate calcium Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Dronabinol Droxidopa Eburnamonine Ecopipam Enzacamene Epothilone B Erythromycin Famprofazone Febantel Felodipine Fenbendazole Fentanyl Flucloxacillin Fluorometholone Griseofulvin Guggulsterone Haloprogin Hetacillin potassium Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) Indinavir sulfate Lasalocid sodium Levothyroxine Linolenic acid LOE-908 Loratadine Lovastatin Meclizine Metacycline Methylprednisolone Metyrapone Mevastatin Mifepristone Nafcillin Nicardipine Nicotine Nifedipine Nilvadipine Nisoldipine Norelgestromin Omeprazole Orlistat Oxatomide Paclitaxel Phenobarbital Piperine Plicamycin Prednisolone Pregnanediol Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile Proadifen Progesterone Quingestrone Reserpine Reverse triiodothyronine Rifampicin Rifaximin Rimexolone Riodipine Ritonavir Simvastatin Sirolimus Spironolactone Spiroxatrine SR-12813 Suberoylanilide Sulfisoxazole Suramin Tacrolimus Tenylidone Terconazole Testosterone isocaproate Tetracycline Thiamylal sodium Thiothixene Thonzonium bromide Tianeptine Troglitazone Troleandomycin Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate Zafirlukast Zeranol

Antagonists: Ketoconazole Sesamin

See also Receptor/signaling modulators

Medicine portal

Categories: AntifungalsAromatic ketonesBenzofuran ethers at the benzene ringChloroarenesCyclohexenesDisulfiram-like drugsHalogen-containing natural productsIARC Group 2B carcinogensMutagensResorcinol ethersSpiro compoundsWorld Health Organization essential medicines

Science and technology[edit]

Biology, chemistry and medicine[edit]

Phytelephas seemannii, known in Cuna as 'sam'

S-Adenosyl methionine, a common co-substrate involved in methyl group transfers

SAM, a candidate phylum of bacteria

Sustained Acoustic Medicine, a medical treatment for arthritis

SAMtools (for Sequence Alignment Map), a data storage format for DNA sequencing

Self-assembled monolayer of amphiphilic molecules

Shoot apical meristem, a plant tissue

Significance analysis of microarrays, in DNA microanalysis

Spore photoproduct lyase, an enzyme

Sorting and assembly machinery, a protein complex in the outer mitochondrial membrane

Segmental arterial mediolysis, a medical condition affecting the arteries

Physics and astronomy[edit]

Southern Annular Mode of southern hemisphere atmospheric variability

Swinging Atwood's machine

SAm, an unbarred Magellanic spiral galaxy

Benzophenone is the organic compound with the formula (C₆H₅)₂CO, generally abbreviated Ph₂CO. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. Benzophenone is a widely used building block in organic chemistry, being the parent diarylketone.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzophenone

Pages in category "Benzofuran ethers at the benzene ring"

The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

0–9

5-MeO-DiBF

B

Befunolol

Brofaromine

C

Carbofuran

Carbosulfan

D

Dimemebfe

F

F-2 (drug)

F-22 (psychedelic)

FL3 (flavagline)

Fura-2

Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester

G

Griseofulvin

K

Khellin

L

LY-320,135

S

Silvestrol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Benzofuran_ethers_at_the_benzene_ring

Category:Disulfiram-like drugs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

The main article for this category is Disulfiram-like drug.

Disulfiram-like drugs that produce sensitivity to the toxic effects of alcohol (drug). Mostly acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors.

Subcategories

This category has only the following subcategory.

A

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors‎ (24 P)

Pages in category "Disulfiram-like drugs"

The following 30 pages are in this category, out of 30 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

Disulfiram

Disulfiram-like drug

B

Benznidazole

E

Etacrynic acid

G

Glibenclamide

Griseofulvin

I

Isoniazid

K

Ketoconazole

L

List of sulfonamides

M

Mepacrine

Metronidazole

N

Nilutamide

Nitrofurantoin

Nitroglycerin

Nitroimidazole

Nitrovasodilator

O

Ornidazole

P

Pargyline

Phenacetin

Phentolamine

Phenylbutazone

Pimecrolimus

Procarbazine

Propranolol

S

Sulfonamide (medicine)

Sulfonylurea

T

Tacrolimus

Tinidazole

Tolazoline

Tolbutamide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Disulfiram-like_drugs

Category:Halogen-containing natural products

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Halogen-containing natural products.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halogen-containing natural products.

Subcategories

This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total.

A

Halogen-containing alkaloids‎ (12 P)

B

Bromine-containing natural products‎ (3 P)

C

Chlorine-containing natural products‎ (3 P)

F

Fluorine-containing natural products‎ (7 P)

I

Iodine-containing natural products‎ (3 P)

Pages in category "Halogen-containing natural products"

The following 45 pages are in this category, out of 45 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

A

Aplysiatoxin

Ascofuranone

B

Bromoform

Brostallicin

C

Calicheamicin

Chloramphenicol

4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid

Chloroeremomycin

Chloroform

Chloromethane

Cyanobacterin

Cyclochlorotine

D

Dichloromethane

Dysidenin

E

Epibatidine

F

5-Fluoro-5-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate

Fluoroacetic acid

G

Griseofulvin

H

Halomon

Hydrogen chloride

I

Iodomethane

K

Kaitocephalin

L

Levothyroxine

Liothyronine

M

Maitansine

MC21-A

MC21-B

O

Ochratoxin A

P

Penitrem A

Pentabromopseudilin

Phantasmidine

Prymnesin-1

Prymnesin-2

Prymnesin-B1

Pterulone

Pyoluteorin

R

Radicicol

S

Salinosporamide A

Sceptrin

SCH-202,596

T

Teicoplanin

Telavancin

Thyroid hormones

Tyrian purple

V

Vancomycin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogen-containing_natural_products

Category:Organohalides

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organohalides.

The main article for this category is Halocarbon.

Subcategories

This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total.

A

Acyl halides‎ (4 C, 1 P)

D

Dihaloacetylenes‎ (4 P)

H

Haloalkyl groups‎ (4 P)

Halogen-containing natural products‎ (5 C, 45 P)

Halogenated solvents‎ (46 P)

Halohydrins‎ (1 C, 28 P)

Halomethanes‎ (44 P)

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons‎ (9 P)

O

Organobromides‎ (4 C, 174 P)

Organochlorides‎ (7 C, 320 P)

Organofluorides‎ (19 C, 268 P)

Organoiodides‎ (5 C, 38 P)

Σ

Organohalide stubs‎ (116 P)

Pages in category "Organohalides"

The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

Halocarbon

A

Aryl halide

B

3-Bromopyridine

H

Haloacetic acids

Haloalkane

Halogenated ether

Halonium ion

P

Polyhalogenated compound

T

Trihalide

V

Vinyl halide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organohalides

Category:Resorcinol ethers

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Subcategories

This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.

A

Aflatoxins‎ (7 P)

H

Hydroxyquinol ethers‎ (10 P)

Pages in category "Resorcinol ethers"

The following 25 pages are in this category, out of 25 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

0–9

2C-O-4

A

Ablukast

Alnespirone

Amurensin (flavonol)

Antrocamphin B

Atibeprone

B

BAY 38-7271

BAY 59-3074

Bergapten

Brodimoprim

4-Bromo-3,5-dimethoxyamphetamine

Buflomedil

C

Citropten

D

Dalbergichromene

Danielone

Daphnoretin

DIMBOA

Dimefline

Dimetofrine

E

Ensaculin

F

Flavagline

G

Griseofulvin

L

LY-320,135

S

Sinapine

T

Tubocurarine chloride

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Resorcinol_ethers

Category:Cyclohexenes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclohexenes.

Subcategories

This category has only the following subcategory.

C

Cyclohexenols‎ (14 P)

Pages in category "Cyclohexenes"

The following 133 pages are in this category, out of 133 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

A

Abscisic acid

Abscisic aldehyde

Acarbose

Acarviosin

Alitretinoin

Alpha-isomethyl ionone

Aminoshikimic acid

Antheraxanthin

Apocarotenal

Astaxanthin

B

Batrachotoxin

Bisabolene

Bisabolol

Bisacurone

Bisnortilidine

C

Cadinenes

Cannabidiol

Cannabidivarin

Canthaxanthin

Carbestrol

3-Carene

Α-Carotene

Β-Carotene

Δ-Carotene

Ε-Carotene

Γ-Carotene

Carthamin

Carvone

Carvonic acid

CBD-DMH

Cinitapride

Citranaxanthin

Conduritol

Coronatine

Β-Cryptoxanthin

Cyclobarbital

Cyclohexenone

D

Dactylifric acid

Damascone

Dehydronorketamine

3-Dehydroshikimic acid

Diadinoxanthin

Diatoxanthin

4,7-Dihydroisoindole

2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine

E

Echinenone

Elemene

F

Farinamycin

Fenestrel

Fenretinide

Flavoxanthin

4'-Fluorocannabidiol

(6S)-6-Fluoroshikimic acid

Food orange 7

G

Grapefruit mercaptan

Griseofulvin

H

Hagemann's ester

Hawkinsin

Hernandulcin

Hexobarbital

HU-320

HU-331

3'-Hydroxyechinenone

Hydroxymethylpentylcyclohexenecarboxaldehyde

I

Ionone

Isophorone

Beta-Isophorone

Isotretinoin

J

Juvabione

K

KLS-13019

Kuwanon G

L

Limonene

Lutein

M

Manoalide

Maximiscin

Megaphone (molecule)

Menitrazepam

Meso-Zeaxanthin

2-(2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl)cyclopentanone

Momordol

Mutatochrome

Myxoxanthophyll

N

Nalorphine

Navitoclax

Norsecurinine

Nortetrazepam

Nortilidine

O

O-1602

O-1918

Orestrate

Oseltamivir

P

Pelretin

Perillaldehyde

Perillartine

Perillyl alcohol

Phellandrene

Picrocrocin

Pinene

Pinnatoxin

Piperitone

R

Radalbuvir

Retinal

Retinoic acid

Retinol

Retinyl acetate

Retinyl palmitate (chole palm)

Rhodoxanthin

Rubixanthin

S

Salinosporamide A

SCH-202,596

Securinine

Sobrerol

Sporolides

SS220

T

Terpinene

Terpineol

Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde

Tetrazepam

Thialbarbital

Tilidine

Torreyanic acid

Torulene

Tretinoin

V

Valencene

Validamycin

Valienamine

Valienol

Venetoclax

4-Vinylcyclohexene

Viridicatumtoxin A

Viridicatumtoxin B

Z

Beta-Zeacarotene

Zeaxanthin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyclohexenes

Help

Category:Chloroarenes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chloroarenes.

The main article for this category is Aryl halide.

Contents

Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Subcategories

This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.

C

Chlorcyclizines‎ (7 P)

Chloropyridines‎ (25 P)

Chloropyrimidines‎ (4 P)

M

Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazines‎ (2 C, 7 P)

Pages in category "Chloroarenes"

The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 917 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

(previous page) (next page)

0–9

2C-C

3-Chloro-PCP

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

4EGI-1

5-Cl-bk-MPA

5F-JWH-398

25C-NBOH

25C-NBOMe

A

A-971432

A22 (antibiotic)

ABT-737

Aceclofenac

Acemetacin

Acifluorfen

Aclonifen

Adafenoxate

Adinazolam

Adjudin

ADX-71149

Afatinib

Afoxolaner

Aganodine

AH-7921

AL-1095

Alaproclate

Albaconazole

Alclofenac

Alda-1

Alinidine

Alisertib

Alloclamide

Almoxatone

Alpidem

Alprazolam

Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone

Altizide

Aluminium clofibrate

AM-251 (drug)

AM-0902

Ambenonium chloride

Amibegron

Aminocyclopyrachlor

Amitifadine

Amlodipine

Amodiaquine

Amoxapine

Anagrelide

Anilazine

Apraclonidine

Arbaclofen placarbil

Arfendazam

Arofylline

Arprinocid

Ascofuranone

Asenapine

Asunaprevir

Atovaquone

Atrazine

Avanafil

Azalanstat

Azapride

Azasetron

Azelastine

Azimilide

B

Baclofen

Balovaptan

Bamaluzole

Batanopride

BAY 73-6691

BD1008

BD1052

BD1063

Befiradol

Bemesetron

Benoxaprofen

Benthiocarb

Benzthiazide

Bepotastine

Besifloxacin

Bexlosteride

Bezafibrate

Biclotymol

Bifenox

Bithionol

BL-1020

BML-190

BMS-564,929

Bosutinib

Brilanestrant

Brilaroxazine

BRL-52537

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate

Bromochlorobenzene

Bromochlorosalicylanilide

Brotizolam

BTS 74,398

Bupranolol

Bupropion

Burapitant

Butafenacil

Butanilicaine

Butoconazole

C

CA77.1

Camazepam

Canertinib

Capeserod

Capravirine

Capsazepine

Carbinoxamine

Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone

Carboxyamidotriazole

Carburazepam

Carisbamate

Carprofen

CCG-4986

Cebaracetam

Cenobamate

Cericlamine

CGS-9896

CHIR99021

Chloracyzine

Chloramben

Chloranilic acid

Chlorbenside

Chlorbenzoxamine

Chlorbisan

Chlorcyclizine

Chlordiazepoxide

Chlorfenapyr

Chlorflurazole

Chlorhexidine

Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Chlorisondamine

Chlormadinone

Chlormadinone acetate

Chlormadinone caproate

Chlormethenmadinone acetate

Chlormezanone

Chlormidazole

2-Chloro-m-cresol

4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid

3-Chloro-4-fluorophenylpiperazine

1-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene

2-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene

2-Chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene

5-Chloro-αMT

6-Chloro-MDMA

4-Chloro-o-toluidine

6-CAT

Para-Chloroamphetamine

4-Chloroaniline

2-Chlorobenzaldehyde

Chlorobenzene

Chlorobenzilate

2-Chlorobenzoic acid

3-Chlorobenzoic acid

4-Chlorobenzoic acid

Chlorohydroxyphenylglycine

7-Chlorokynurenic acid

4-Chlorokynurenine

3-Chloromethamphetamine

Para-Chloromethamphetamine

3-Chloromethcathinone

4-Chloromethcathinone

1-Chloronaphthalene

2-Chloronaphthalene

Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid

Chlorophacinone

Chlorophenol

Chlorophenol red

2-Chlorophenol

3-Chlorophenol

4-Chlorophenol

4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine

(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea

Chlorophenylbiguanide

Para-Chlorophenylpiperazine

Chlorophenylsilatrane

Chlorophetanol

3-Chlorophthalic anhydride

4-Chlorophthalic anhydride

Chloroprednisone

Chloroprocaine

Chloropyramine

Chloroquine

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic

2-Chlorostyrene

Chlorothalonil

Chlorothen

8-Chlorotheophylline

Chlorotoluene

Chloroxine

Chloroxuron

Chloroxylenol

Chlorphenamine

Chlorphenesin carbamate

Chlorphenoxamine

Chlorphentermine

Chlorproethazine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chloroarenes

Category:Spiro compounds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spiro compounds.

The main article for this category is Spiro compounds.

Subcategories

This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.

A

Azapirones‎ (17 P)

C

Cyclopentanonides‎ (2 P)

Pages in category "Spiro compounds"

The following 159 pages are in this category, out of 159 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

*

Spiro compound

A

6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane

Acylfulvene

Anemonin

Anisatin

Apalutamide

Aplaviroc

AR-R17779

Arterolane

Atiprimod

Azaspiracid

Azaspirodecanedione

B

Berkelic acid

Bistramide A

BNN-20

BNN-27

Boromycin

Brevianamide

Bromopyrogallol red

C

Calcein

Calyculin

Canrenone

Cevimeline

Chamaecydin

Ciclafrine

Ciguatoxin

Cipargamin

Colibactin

CSPD (molecule)

Cyclopamine

D

Delgocitinib

N-Desmethylapalutamide

Dichlorofluorescein

Dicirenone

3,9-Diethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5.5)undecane

Digitonin

Dimethanospiro(2.2)octaplane

Dioscorine

Diosgenin

3,9-Divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5.5)undecane

Drospirenone

E

Edogestrone

Enadoline

F

Fenspiride

Fluoran

Fluorescamine

Fluorescein amidite

Fluspirilene

Funapide

G

Galanolactone

GRC-6211

Griseofulvin

Guanadrel

H

Horsfiline

6β-Hydroxy-7α-thiomethylspironolactone

I

Ibutamoren

Illudin

Inoscavin A

Irbesartan

Irofulven

Ironomycin

J

Jervine

K

KML-010

L

Lagochilin

M

Maduramicin

Mespirenone

N-Methylspiperone

Mexrenone

Milbemycin oxime

Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl

Mitraphylline

Monensin

Mosapramine

N

Narasin

Neothiobinupharidine

Nigericin

NNC 63-0532

14-Norpseurotin A

O

Okadaic acid

Oleandomycin

Oliceridine

Oligomycin

P

Palau'amine

Papulacandin B

Periplanone B

Phloxine

Portentol

Prorenone

Prospidium chloride

Pseurotin A

Ptaquiloside

Ptilomycalin A

R

R-4066

RAC 421-II

RD-162

Rhynchophylline

Riligustilide

Ro64-6198

Rolapitant

Rose bengal

Rotane

RS-102221

S

Salinomycin

Saridegib

Sarolaner

SC-5233

SC-8109

SCH-202,596

Seminaphtharhodafluor

SHR9352

Sibiricine

Siramesine

Sitafloxacin

Solasodine

Sorbinil

Spiperone

Spiramide

Spirapril

Spirendolol

Spiroaromaticity

Spirobarbital

Spirodecane

Spirodecanedione

Spirodiclofen

7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone

Spiroindolone

Spirolactone

Spironolactone

Spiropentadiene

Spiropentane

Spiropreussione

Spiropyran

Spirorenone

Spirotetramat

Spirotryprostatin B

Spiroxasone

Spiroxatrine

Streptolydigin

Surugatoxin

T

Tautomycin

7α-Thiomethylspironolactone sulfoxide

7α-Thiomethylspironolactone

7α-Thiospironolactone

Tofogliflozin

Tomatidine

Trachyspic acid

Triangulane

Trilaciclib

Troleandomycin

Trospium chloride

TRV734

Tutin (toxin)

U

U-69,593

V

Vinorelbine

Viridicatumtoxin A

Viridicatumtoxin B

Vomitoxin

Y

Yamogenin

Z

Zaurategrast

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiro_compounds

Ketazocine (INN), also known as ketocyclazocine, is a benzomorphan derivative used in opioid receptor research. Ketocyclazocine is an exogenous opioid that binds to the κ opioid receptor.^[1]

Activation of this receptor is known to cause sleepiness, a decrease in pain sensation and (potentially) dysphoria, paranoia, and hallucinations. It also causes an increase in urine production because it inhibits the release of vasopressin. (Vasopressin is an endogenous substance that assists in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance in the body and decreases the amount of water released into the urine.)

Unlike other opioids, substances that only bind to the κ receptor theoretically do not depress the respiratory system.

The crystal structure of ketazocine was determined in 1983.^[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazocine

From the beginning of the 18th century, Prussian blue was the predominant uniform coat color worn by the infantry and artillery regiments of the Prussian Army.^[18] As Dunkelblau (dark blue), this shade achieved a symbolic importance and continued to be worn by German soldiers for ceremonial and off-duty occasions until the outbreak of World War I, when it was superseded by greenish-gray field gray (Feldgrau).^[19]

The unit cell of Prussian blue determined by neutron diffraction,^[25]with crystallographically disorderedwater molecules both in cyanide ion positions and in the void space of the framework. Again, one fourth of the Fe(CN)
6 groups shown will be missing. This illustration superimposes both possibilities at each site — water molecules or cyanide ions.

Prussian blue is strongly colored and tends towards black and dark blue when mixed into oil paints. The exact hue depends on the method of preparation, which dictates the particle size. The intense blue color of Prussian blue is associated with the energy of the transfer of electrons from Fe(II) to Fe(III). Many such mixed-valence compounds absorb certain wavelengths of visible light resulting from intervalence charge transfer. In this case, orange-red light around 680 nanometers in wavelength is absorbed, and the reflected light appears blue as a result.

Like most high-chroma pigments, Prussian blue cannot be accurately displayed on a computer display. PB is electrochromic—changing from blue to colorless upon reduction. This change is caused by reduction of the Fe(III) to Fe(II), eliminating the intervalence charge transfer that causes Prussian blue's color.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue

Tolnaftate (INN)^[1] is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent that may be sold without medical prescription in most jurisdictions. It is supplied as a cream, powder, spray, liquid, and liquid aerosol. Tolnaftate is used to treat fungal conditions such as jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolnaftate

Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is a rare disorder of the arteries characterized by the development of aneurysms, blood clots, narrowing of the arteries (stenoses), and blood collections (hematomas) in the affected distribution.^[1]^[2]

SAM most commonly affects the arteries supplying the intestines and abdominal organs.^{[citation needed]}

^{In 1731, Georg Ernst Stahl published an account of the first synthesis of Prussian blue.^[10] The story involves not only Diesbach, but also Johann Konrad Dippel. Diesbach was attempting to create a red lake pigment from cochineal, but obtained the blue instead as a result of the contaminated potash he was using. He borrowed the potash from Dippel, who had used it to produce his animal oil. No other known historical source mentions Dippel in this context. It is, therefore, difficult to judge the reliability of this story today. In 1724, the recipe was finally published by John Woodward.^[11]^[12]^[13]}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_arterial_mediolysis}

^{Georg Ernst Stahl (22 October 1659^[1] – 24 May 1734) was a German chemist, physician and philosopher. He was a supporter of vitalism, and until the late 18th century his works on phlogiston were accepted as an explanation for chemical processes.^[2]}

Georg Ernst Stahl was born on October 22, 1659, at Anspach in Bavaria. Raised as a son to a Lutheran Pastor, he was brought up in a very pious and religious household.^[3] From an early age he expressed profound interest toward chemistry, even by age 15 mastering a set of university lecture notes on chemistry and eventually a difficult treatise by Johann Kunckel. He had two wives, who both died from puerperal fever in 1696 and 1706. He also had a son Johnathan and a daughter who died in 1708.^[2] He continued to work and publish following the death of both of his wives and eventually his children, but was often very cold to students and fell into deep depression^[3] until his death in 1734 at the age of 74.^[3]

He was born in St. John's parish in Ansbach, Brandenburg on October 21, 1659. His father was Johann Lorentz Stahl.^[4] He was raised in Pietism, which influenced his viewpoints on the world. His interests in chemistry were due to the influence a professor of medicine, Jacob Barner, and a chemist, Johann Kunckel von Löwenstjern.^[5] In the late 1670s, Stahl moved to Saxe-Jena to study medicine at the University of Jena. Stahl’s success at Jena earned him a M.D. around 1683 and then he went on to teach at the same university.

Teaching at the university gained him such a good reputation that in 1687 he was hired as the personal physician to Duke Johann Ernst of Sachsen-Weimar. In 1693, he joined his old college friend Friedrich Hoffmann at the University of Halle.^[5] In 1694, he held the chair of medicine at the University of Halle. From 1715 until his death, he was the physician and counselor to King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia and in charge of Berlin's Medical Board.^[4]

Stahl's focus was on the distinction between the living and nonliving. Although he did not support the views of iatro-mechanists, he believed that all non-living creatures are mechanical and so are living things to a certain degree.^[4] His views were that nonliving things are stable throughout time and did not rapidly change. On the other hand, living things are subject to change and have a tendency to decompose, which led Stahl to work with fermentation.

Stahl professed an animistic system, in opposition to the materialism of Hermann Boerhaave and Friedrich Hoffmann.^[6] His main argument on living things was that there is an agent responsible for delaying this decomposition of living things and that agent is the anima or soul of the living organism. The anima controls all of the physical processes that happen in the body. It not only just controls the mechanical aspects of it but the direction and goals of them too.^[2] How the anima controls these processes is through motion. He believed that the three important motions of the body are the circulation of blood, excretion and secretion.

These beliefs were reflected in his views on medicine. He thought that medicine should deal with the body as a whole and its anima, rather than the specific parts of a body. Having knowledge on the specific mechanical parts of the body is not very useful.^[2]His views had been criticized by Gottfried Leibniz, with whom he exchanged letters, later published in a book titled Negotium otiosum seu σκιαμαχία (1720).^[7]^[8] Also, during the first part of the 18th century, Stahl's ideas on the non-physical part of the body were disregarded while his mechanistic ideas on the body were accepted in the works of Boerhaave and Hoffmann.^[9]

As a physician, Stahl worked with patients and focused on the soul, or anima, as well as blood circulation and tonic motion. Animawas a vital force that when working properly would allow the subject to be healthy; however, when malfunction of the animaoccurred, so did illness. Tonic motion, to Stahl, involved the contracting and relaxing movements of the body tissue in order to serve the three main purposes. Tonic motion helped explain how animals produce heat and how fevers were caused. In Stahl's 1692 dissertation, De motu tonico vitali, Stahl explains his theory of tonic motion and how it is connected to blood flow within a subject, without citing William Harvey's blood flow and circulation theories, which lacked an explanation of irregular blood flow. Also within the dissertation, 'practitioners' are mentioned as users of his theory of tonic motion.

Stahl's theory of tonic motion was about the muscle tone of the circulatory system. During his work at Halle, Stahl oversaw patients experiencing headaches and nosebleeds. Tonic motion explained these phenomena as blood needed a natural or artificial path to flow when a part of the body is obstructed, injured, or swollen. Stahl also experimented with menstruation, finding that bloodlettingin an upper portion of the body would relieve bleeding during the period. During the next period, the wound would experience pain and swelling, which would only be relieved by an opening in the foot. He also followed this procedure as a treatment for amenorrhoea.^[10]

The best of Stahl’s work in chemistry was done while he was a professor at Halle. Just like medicine, he believed that chemistry could not be reduced to mechanistic views. Although he believed in atoms, he did not believe that atomic theories were enough to describe the chemical processes that go on. He believed that atoms could not be isolated individually and that they join together to form elements. He took an empirical approach when establishing his descriptions of chemistry.^[5]

Stahl used the works of Johann Joachim Becher to help him come up with explanations of chemical phenomena. The main theory that Stahl got from J. J. Becher was the theory of phlogiston. This theory did not have any experimental basis before Stahl. Becher's theories attempted in explaining chemistry as comprehensively as seemingly possible through classifying different earths according to specific reactions. Terra pinguis was a substance that escaped during combustion reactions, according to Becher.^[11]Stahl, influenced by Becher's work, developed his theory of phlogiston. Phlogiston theory did not have any experimental basis before Stahl worked with metals and various other substances in order separate phlogiston from them. Stahl proposed that metals were made of calx, or ash, and phlogiston and that once a metal is heated, the phlogiston leaves only the calx within the substance. He was able to make the theory applicable to chemistry as it was one of the first unifying theories in the discipline. Phlogiston provided an explanation of various chemical phenomena and encouraged the chemists of the time to rationally work with the theory to explore more of the subject. This theory was later replaced by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s theory of oxidation and caloric theory.^[4] He also propounded a view of fermentation, which in some respects resembles that supported by Justus von Liebig a century and half later. Although his theory was replaced, Stahl's theory of phlogiston is seen to be the transition between alchemy and chemistry.^[5]

Stahl is credited for being among the first to describe carbon monoxide as noxious carbonarii halitus (carbonic vapors) in his 1697 publication Zymotechnia fundamentalis.^[12]

Works[edit]

Zymotechnia fundamentalis (1697)
Disquisitio de mechanismi et organismi diversitate (1706)
Paraenesis, ad aliena a medica doctrine arcendum (1706)
De vera diversitate corporis mixti et vivi (1706)
Theoria medica vera (1708)
Georgii Ernesti Stahlii opusculum chymico-physico-medicum : seu schediasmatum, a pluribus annis variis occasionibus in publicum emissorum nunc quadantenus etiam auctorum et deficientibus passim exemplaribus in unum volumen iam collectorum, fasciculus publicae luci redditus / Praemißa praefationis loco authoris epistola ad Michaelem Alberti (1715) Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
Specimen Beccherianum (1718)^[2]
Philosophical Principles of Universal Chemistry (1730), Peter Shaw, translator, from Open Library.
Materia medica : das ist: Zubereitung, Krafft und Würckung, derer sonderlich durch chymische Kunst erfundenen Artzneyen(1744), Vol. 1&2 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
The Leibniz-Stahl Controversy (2016), transl. and edited by F. Duchesneau and J. H. Smith, Yale UP (536 pp.)

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl}

^{The phlogiston theory is a superseded scientific theory that postulated the existence of a fire-like element called phlogiston (/flɒˈdʒɪstən, floʊ-, -ɒn/)^[1]^[2] contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν phlogistón(burning up), from φλόξ phlóx (flame). The idea was first proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher and later put together more formally by Georg Ernst Stahl. Phlogiston theory attempted to explain chemical processes of weight increase such as combustion and rusting, now collectively known as oxidation, and was abandoned before the end of the 18th century following experiments by Antoine Lavoisier and others. Phlogiston theory led to experiments which ultimately concluded with the discovery of oxygen.}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston_theory}

Oxford Blue is the official colour of the University of Oxford.^[2] The official Oxford branding guidelines set the definition of Oxford Blue as Pantone 282, equivalent to the hex code#002147.^[3]

With a hue code of 212, this colour is a very dark tone of azure.

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Blue_(colour)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Penn_blue}

A beige cat

White

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FFFFFF
HSV (h, s, v)	(0°, 0%, 100%)
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(255, 255, 255)
Source	By definition
ISCC–NBS descriptor	White
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Black

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#000000
HSV (h, s, v)	(?°, 0%, 0%)
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(0, 0, 0)
Source	By definition
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Silver

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#C0C0C0
HSV (h, s, v)	(?°, 0%, 75%)
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(192, 192, 192)
Source	HTML/CSS^[1]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Light gray
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Medium Gray

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#BEBEBE
HSV (h, s, v)	(?°, 0%, 75^[10]%)
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(190, 190, 190)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Light gray
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Jet

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#343434
HSV (h, s, v)	(33°, 0%, 20^[19]%)
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(52, 52, 52)
Source	ISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Black
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

White smoke

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#F5F5F5
HSV (h, s, v)	(0°, 0%, 96.1%)
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(245, 245, 245)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	White
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_of_white}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_of_white#White_smoke}

Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is an inorganic compound with the formula Na₂S₂O₃^. $x$ H₂O. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O. The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water.^[2]

Sodium thiosulfate is used in gold mining, water treatment, analytical chemistry, the development of silver-based photographic film and prints, and medicine. The medical uses of sodium thiosulfate include treatment of cyanide poisoning and pityriasis.^[3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.^[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazocine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infections

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue_(medical_use)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium#Thallium(I)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal

Mercury, Lead, Boron, Beryllium, Bromine, Silver,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_glass

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead(II)_azide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzophenone

Element Acute exposure

usually a day or less Chronic exposure

often months or years

Cadmium Pneumonitis (lung inflammation) Lung cancer

Osteomalacia (softening of bones)

Proteinuria (excess protein in urine; possible kidney damage)

Mercury Diarrhea

Fever

Vomiting Stomatitis (inflammation of gums and mouth)

Nausea

Nephrotic syndrome (nonspecific kidney disorder)

Neurasthenia (neurotic disorder)

Parageusia (metallic taste)

Pink Disease (pain and pink discoloration of hands and feet)

Tremor

Lead Encephalopathy (brain dysfunction)

Nausea

Vomiting Anemia

Encephalopathy

Foot drop/wrist drop (palsy)

Nephropathy (kidney disease)

Chromium Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (bleeding)

Hemolysis (red blood cell destruction)

Acute renal failure Pulmonary fibrosis (lung scarring)

Lung cancer

Arsenic Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Encephalopathy

Multi-organ effects

Arrhythmia

Painful neuropathy Diabetes

Hypopigmentation/Hyperkeratosis

Cancer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal

^{The toxic effects of arsenic, mercury and lead were known to the ancients but methodical studies of the overall toxicity of heavy metals appear to date from only 1868. In that year, Wanklyn and Chapman speculated on the adverse effects of the heavy metals "arsenic, lead, copper, zinc, iron and manganese" in drinking water. They noted an "absence of investigation" and were reduced to "the necessity of pleading for the collection of data".^[30] In 1884, Blake described an apparent connection between toxicity and the atomic weight of an element.^[31] The following sections provide historical thumbnails for the "classical" toxic heavy metals (arsenic, mercury and lead) and some more recent examples (chromium and cadmium).}

Arsenic[edit]

Arsenic, as realgar (As
4S
4) and orpiment (As
2S
3), was known in ancient times. Strabo (64–50 BCE – c. AD 24?), a Greek geographer and historian,^[32] wrote that only slaves were employed in realgar and orpiment mines since they would inevitably die from the toxic effects of the fumes given off from the ores. Arsenic-contaminated beer poisoned over 6,000 people in the Manchester area of England in 1900, and is thought to have killed at least 70 victims.^[33] Clare Luce, American ambassador to Italy from 1953 to 1956, suffered from arsenic poisoning. Its source was traced to flaking arsenic-laden paint on the ceiling of her bedroom. She may also have eaten food contaminated by arsenic in flaking ceiling paint in the embassy dining room.^[34] Ground water contaminated by arsenic, as of 2014, "is still poisoning millions of people in Asia".^[35]

Orpiment, a toxic arsenic mineral used in the tanning industry to remove hair from hides.

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal}

^{Above. arsenic level dimension filament particle proton ion EMR EMF electromagnetism electrodynamics}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_metal}

Sources[edit]

Betz Laboratories Handbook of Industrial Water Conditioning(7th Edition) Betz Laboratories (1976)
Kemmer, Frank N.'The NALCO Water Handbook' McGraw-Hill (1979)
Perry, Robert H., Chilton, Cecil H. and Kirkpatrick, Sidney D. Chemical Engineers' Handbook (4th Edition) McGraw-Hill (1963)
Woodruff, Everett B., Lammers, Herbert B. and Lammers, Thomas F. Steam-Plant Operation (5th Edition) McGraw-Hill (1984) ISBN 0-07-071732-X

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_blowdown}

Rural areas[edit]

A worker removing fecal sludge out of the pit of a pit latrine without wearing any personal protective equipment (in a village in Burkina Faso).

Rural areas with low population density may not need formal FSM services if the local practice is to cover and rebuild latrines when they fill up. However, if this is not possible, rural areas often lack treatment facilities within a reasonable (say 30 minutes drive) distance; are difficult for tankers to access and often have limited demand for emptying making transport and treatment uneconomic, and unaffordable for most people. Therefore, options such as relocating latrines on-site, double (alternating) pit or Arborloo toilets could be considered. Also sharing decentralized FSM services and sludge treatment between nearby villages, or direct safe removal burial of waste could be considered and organized.

Alternatives to fecal sludge producing systems[edit]

Most types of dry toilets (except for pit latrines) do not generate fecal sludge but generate instead dried feces (in the case of urine-diverting dry toilets) or compost (in the case of composting toilets). For example, in the case of Arborloo toilets, nothing is ever extracted from the pit and, instead, the lightweight outhouse superstructure is moved to another shallow hole and a tree is planted on top of the filled hole.

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management}

A dry toilet (or non-flush toilet, no flush toilet or toilet without a flush) is a toilet that operates without flush water, unlike a flush toilet.^[1]The dry toilet may have a raised pedestal on which the user can sit, or a squat pan over which the user squats in the case of a squat toilet. In both cases, the excreta (both urine and feces) falls through a drop hole.^[1]

A dry toilet can be any of the following types of toilets: a composting toilet, urine-diverting dry toilet, arborloo, container-based toilet, bucket toilet, simple pit latrine (but not those that operate on a "pour flush" basis), incinerating toilets, or freezing toilets.

The urine and feces can either become mixed at the point of dropping or stay separated, which is called urine diversion.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_toilet

An incinerating toilet is a type of dry toilet that burns human feces instead of flushing them away with water, as does a flush toilet.^[1]

Incinerating toilets are used only for niche applications, which include:

Apartments with limited or difficult access to waste plumbing.
Houses without access to drains, and where building a septic tank would be difficult or uneconomic.
On yachts and canal barges, as an alternative to a Blackwater holding tank, which needs to be pumped out occasionally.
On mobile homes, RVs and caravans/(trailers).

Incinerating toilets may be powered by electricity, gas, dried feces or other energy sources.^[2]^[3] Incinerating toilets gather excrement in an integral ashpan and then incinerate it,^[4] reducing it to pathogen-free ash.^[5] Some will also incinerate "grey water" created from showers and sinks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerating_toilet

China's waste import ban, instated at the end of 2017, prevented foreign inflows of waste products. Starting in early 2018, the government of China, under Operation National Sword, banned the import of several types of waste, including plastics. The ban has greatly affected recycling industries worldwide,^[1] as China had been the world's largest importer of waste plastics and processed hard-to-recycle plastics for other countries, especially in the West.^[1]

The decision caused widespread repercussions on a global scale. In July 2018, China produced a document to the World Trade Organization regarding environmental and health issues. China requested an urgent change to be made revolving the imported waste China imports from other countries. The recommended list was pushing forward for wastes such as plastics, textile, and paper products to be banned from imports.^[2]

Sorting[edit]

The first step of disposing of the waste is to divide them into different categories. Recycling standards are various from different countries. But we can divide them into two big categories, recyclable and none-recyclable waste. In general, plastic products can be fully recycled. The difficulty is the sorting process. For example, although the plastic bottle is theoretically 100% recyclable, the plastic bottle cap and the label cannot be mixed together for recycling because they are different plastic materials. The sorting machine is currently unable to unscrew the cap and tear off the label, so this step must be done manually by the sorting worker. This process obviously increases the business cost and human resources. Some illegal industries recycled mixed plastic products together to control the costs, this cause incomplete recycling of plastic which causes some unexpected environmental issues.

Burning[edit]

The general disposal method is to categorize the types of waste and dispose of them in different processes. However, a few illegal industries want to minimize the cost of disposing of the waste, so they choose the easiest way to deal with the rubbish. By inappropriate use of landfills and incinerators, earning money from the disposal of waste, rather than the secondary benefits of proper recycling waste. The burning of uncategorized waste produces toxic and contaminate air to the sky which harmful for human health. The carbon dioxide also produced by the process of burning wastes. By statistic, the global total carbon dioxide produced in 2018 was about 37.1 gigatonnes.^[11] Some power plants were operated by the heat produced from the burning of waste (Waste-to-energy plant). It is a combination of disposing of waste and producing electricity which widely adopted in China's waste disposing industries.

Pyrolysis plants[edit]

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis plants is an innovative technology that can help in the aid of waste disposal. The process of disposing of is describing as "Plastics are crushed and melted at temperatures below gasification temperature and contain less oxygen. Heat decomposes plastic polymers into smaller hydrocarbons that can be refined into diesel or even other petrochemical products, including new plastics." This technology is still in the demonstration phase and hopping to expand globally. The facilities are built in China as well. Pyrolysis plants can recycle many hard to decomposed materials that normal recyclers cannot. It will only produce a little carbon dioxide and no contamination at all. The economic profits from expensive pyrolysis plants is the determinate factor of whether to build more of these plants or not.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban

Biosolids, waste, and waste management (president biden infrastructure plan?)

Major types

Agricultural wastewater Biodegradable waste Biomedical waste Brown waste Chemical waste Construction waste Demolition waste Electronic waste by country Food waste Green waste Hazardous waste Heat waste Industrial waste Industrial wastewater Litter Marine debris Mining waste Municipal solid waste Open defecation Packaging waste Post-consumer waste Radioactive waste Scrap metal Sewage Sharps waste Surface runoff Toxic waste

Bedrijfsafval.jpg

Processes

Anaerobic digestion Balefill Biodegradation Composting Garden waste dumping Illegal dumping Incineration Landfill Landfill mining Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical sorting Photodegradation Recycling Resource recovery Sewage treatment Waste collection Waste sorting Waste trade Waste treatment Waste-to-energy

Countries

Armenia Australia Bangladesh Brazil Hong Kong India Japan Kazakhstan New Zealand Russia South Korea Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States

Agreements

Bamako Convention Basel Convention EU directives batteries framework incineration landfills RoHS vehicles waste water WEEE London Convention Oslo Convention OSPAR Convention

Occupations

Sanitation worker Street sweeper Waste collector Waste picker

Group	Dimer	Hydrogen compound	Pseudohalide	Ligand name	In organic compounds	Formula	Structural formula
chloro	chlorine	hydrochloride	chloride	chlorido- chloro-	-yl chloride	~ Cl	−Cl
cyano	cyanogen	hydrogen cyanide, prussic acid, formonitrile	cyanide	cyanido- cyano-	-nitrile -yl cyanide	~ CN	−C≡N
cyapho	cyaphogen	phosphaethyne	cyaphide	cyaphido- cyapho-	-yl cyaphide	~ CP	−C≡P
isocyano		hydrogen isocyanide, isohydrocyanic acid	isocyanide	isocyanido- isocyano-	-isonitrile -yl isocyanide	~ NC	−N+ ≡C−
hydroxyl	hydrogen peroxide	water	hydroxide	hydroxido- hydroxy-	-ol	~ OH	−O−H
sulfanyl	hydrogen disulfide	hydrogen sulfide	hydrosulfide	sulfanido- thiolato-	-thiol -yl mercaptane	~ SH	−S−H
cyanate		cyanic acid	cyanate	cyanato-	-yl cyanate	~ OCN	−O−C≡N
isocyanate	diisocyanogen	isocyanic acid	isocyanate	isocyanato-	-yl isocyanate	~ NCO	−N=C=O
fulminate		fulminic acid	fulminate	fulminato-	-nitrile oxide -yl fulminate	~ CNO	−C≡N+ –O−
thiocyanate, rhodanide	thiocyanogen	thiocyanic acid	thiocyanate	thiocyanato-	-yl thiocyanate	~ SCN	−S−C≡N
isothiocyanate		isothiocyanic acid	isothiocyanate	isothiocyanato-	-yl isothiocyanate	~ NCS	−N=C=S
selenocyanate, selenorhodanide	selenocyanogen	selenocyanic acid	selenocyanate			~ SeCN	−Se−C≡N
tellurocyanate,^[2] tellurorhodanide	tellurocyanogen	tellurocyanic acid	tellurocyanate			~ TeCN	−Te−C≡N
azide	hexazine	hydrazoic acid	azide	azido-	-yl azide	~ N₃	−N− −N+ ≡N ↕ −N=N+ =N−
nitrogen monoxide	dinitrogen dioxide	nitroxyl		nitrosyl	nitroso-	~ NO	^•N=O
nitrogen dioxide	nitrogen tetroxide			nitryl	nitro-	~ NO₂	−NO₂
cobalt carbonyl	dicobalt octacarbonyl	cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride	tetracarbonylcobaltate			~ Co(CO)₄	−Co(C≡O)₄
trinitromethanide	hexanitroethane	nitroform, trinitromethane	trinitromethanide	trinitromethanido-	-yl trinitromethanide	~ C(NO₂)₃	−C(NO₂)₃
tricyanomethanide	hexacyanoethane	cyanoform, tricyanomethane	tricyanomethanide	tricyanomethanido-	-yl tricyanomethanide	~ C(CN)₃	−C(CN)₃

Nuclide^[2] ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[3] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide^[2] ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
²⁵P	15	10	25.02119(43)#	<30 ns	p	²⁴Si	(1/2+)#
²⁶P^{[n 8]}	15	11	26.01178(21)#	43.7(6) ms	β⁺ (63.2%)	²⁶Si	(3+)
²⁶P^{[n 8]}	15	11	26.01178(21)#	43.7(6) ms	β⁺, p (36.8%)	²⁵Al	(3+)
^26mP	164.4(1) keV			120(9) ns	IT	²⁶P
²⁷P	15	12	26.999224(28)	260(80) ms	β⁺ (99.93%)	²⁷Si	1/2+
²⁷P	15	12	26.999224(28)	260(80) ms	β⁺, p (.07%)	²⁶Al	1/2+
²⁸P	15	13	27.9923266(12)	270.3(5) ms	β⁺ (99.99%)	²⁸Si	3+
					β⁺, p (.0013%)	²⁷Al
					β⁺, α (8.6×10⁻⁴%)	²⁴Mg
²⁹P	15	14	28.9818004(4)	4.142(15) s	β⁺	²⁹Si	1/2+
³⁰P	15	15	29.97831349(7)	2.498(4) min	β⁺	³⁰Si	1+
³¹P	15	16	30.9737619986(7)	Stable			1/2+	1.0000
³²P	15	17	31.97390764(4)	14.268(5) d	β⁻	³²S	1+	Trace
³³P	15	18	32.9717257(12)	25.35(11) d	β⁻	³³S	1/2+
³⁴P	15	19	33.9736459(9)	12.43(10) s	β⁻	³⁴S	1+
³⁵P	15	20	34.9733141(20)	47.3(8) s	β⁻	³⁵S	1/2+
³⁶P	15	21	35.978260(14)	5.6(3) s	β⁻	³⁶S	4−
³⁷P	15	22	36.97961(4)	2.31(13) s	β⁻	³⁷S	(1/2+)
³⁸P	15	23	37.98430(8)	0.64(14) s	β⁻ (87.5%)	³⁸S
³⁸P	15	23	37.98430(8)	0.64(14) s	β⁻, n (12.5%)	³⁷S
³⁹P	15	24	38.98629(12)	282(24) ms	β⁻ (73.2%)	³⁹S	1/2+#
³⁹P	15	24	38.98629(12)	282(24) ms	β⁻, n (26.8%)	³⁸S	1/2+#
⁴⁰P	15	25	39.99129(16)	150(8) ms	β⁻ (84.2%)	⁴⁰S	(2−,3−)
⁴⁰P	15	25	39.99129(16)	150(8) ms	β⁻, n (15.8%)	³⁹S	(2−,3−)
⁴¹P	15	26	40.99465(13)	101(5) ms	β⁻ (70%)	⁴¹S	1/2+#
⁴¹P	15	26	40.99465(13)	101(5) ms	β⁻, n (30%)	⁴⁰S	1/2+#
⁴²P	15	27	42.00108(34)	48.5(15) ms	β⁻ (50%)	⁴²S
⁴²P	15	27	42.00108(34)	48.5(15) ms	β⁻, n (50%)	⁴¹S
⁴³P	15	28	43.00502(60)	35.8(13) ms	β⁻, n	⁴²S	1/2+#
⁴³P	15	28	43.00502(60)	35.8(13) ms	β⁻	⁴³S	1/2+#
⁴⁴P	15	29	44.01122(54)#	18.5(25) ms	β⁻	⁴⁴S
⁴⁵P	15	30	45.01675(54)#	8# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁵S	1/2+#
⁴⁶P	15	31	46.02466(75)#	4# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁶S
⁴⁷P^[4]	15	32	47.03190(86)#	2# ms	β⁻	⁴⁷S
This table header & footer: view

IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission

Oxidation state	Formula	Name	Acidic protons	Compounds
+1	HH₂PO₂	hypophosphorous acid	1	acid, salts
+3	H₂HPO₃	phosphorous acid	2	acid, salts
+3	HPO₂	metaphosphorous acid	1	salts
+3	H₃PO₃	(ortho)phosphorous acid	3	acid, salts
+4	H₄P₂O₆	hypophosphoric acid	4	acid, salts
+5	(HPO₃)_n	metaphosphoric acids	n	salts (n = 3,4,6)
+5	H(HPO₃)_nOH	polyphosphoric acids	n+2	acids, salts (n = 1-6)
+5	H₅P₃O₁₀	tripolyphosphoric acid	3	salts
+5	H₄P₂O₇	pyrophosphoric acid	4	acid, salts
+5	H₃PO₄	(ortho)phosphoric acid	3	acid, salts

Widely used compounds	Use
Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O	Baking powder and fertilisers
CaHPO₄·2H₂O	Animal food additive, toothpowder
H₃PO₄	Manufacture of phosphate fertilisers
PCl₃	Manufacture of POCl₃ and pesticides
POCl₃	Manufacture of plasticiser
P₄S₁₀	Manufacturing of additives and pesticides
Na₅P₃O₁₀	Detergents

IUPAC name phosphonic acid
Other names Dihydroxyphosphine oxide Dihydroxy(oxo)-λ⁵-phosphane Dihydroxy-λ⁵-phosphanone Orthophosphorous acid Oxo-λ⁵-phosphanediol Oxo-λ⁵-phosphonous acid

Biogeochemical cycles
Cycles	Carbon cycle carbonate–silicate cycle deep carbon cycle oceanic carbon cycle Chlorine cycle Hydrogen cycle Iron cycle Mercury cycle Mineral cycle Nitrogen cycle Nutrient cycle Oxygen cycle ozone Phosphorus cycle Rock cycle Selenium cycle Silica cycle Sulfur cycle Water cycle deep water cycle Marine biogeochemical cycles
Research groups	DAAC GEOTRACES IMBER NOBM SOLAS
Related topics	Biogeochemistry geochemical cycle chemical cycling environmental chemistry Biosequestration carbon sequestration carbon sink soil carbon biological pump viral shunt mycorrhizal fungi Ocean acidification acid rain Methane clathrate clathrate gun hypothesis Arctic methane emissions Human impact on the nitrogen cycle Lichens and nitrogen cycling Nitrification Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen assimilation Phosphorus assimilation Sulfur assimilation Planetary boundaries

Georg Ernst Stahl
Georg Ernst Stahl
Born	22 October 1659 Ansbach, Holy Roman Empire
Died	24 May 1734 (aged 74) Berlin, Holy Roman Empire
Nationality	German
Alma mater	University of Jena
Known for	Phlogiston theory Fermentation
Scientific career
Fields	Chemistry
Institutions	University of Halle
Influences	J. J. Becher

hide Authority control
General	Integrated Authority File (Germany) ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat
National libraries	Spain 2 France (data) Italy United States Japan Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican
Scientific databases	Mathematics Genealogy Project
Other	Faceted Application of Subject Terminology MusicBrainz artist Social Networks and Archival Context SUDOC (France) 1 Trove (Australia) 1

v t e Wastewater
Sources and types	Acid mine drainage Ballast water Bathroom Blackwater (coal) Blackwater (waste) Boiler blowdown Brine Combined sewer Cooling tower Cooling water Fecal sludge Grey water Infiltration/Inflow Industrial wastewater Ion exchange Leachate Manure Papermaking Produced water Return flow Reverse osmosis Sanitary sewer Septage Sewage Sewage sludge Toilet Urban runoff
Quality indicators	Adsorbable organic halides Biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Coliform index Oxygen saturation Heavy metals pH Salinity Temperature Total dissolved solids Total suspended solids Turbidity Wastewater surveillance
Treatment options	Activated sludge Aerated lagoon Agricultural wastewater treatment API oil–water separator Carbon filtering Chlorination Clarifier Constructed wetland Decentralized wastewater system Extended aeration Facultative lagoon Fecal sludge management Filtration Imhoff tank Industrial wastewater treatment Ion exchange Membrane bioreactor Reverse osmosis Rotating biological contactor Secondary treatment Sedimentation Septic tank Settling basin Sewage sludge treatment Sewage treatment Sewer mining Stabilization pond Trickling filter Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation UASB Vermifilter Wastewater treatment plant
Disposal options	Combined sewer Evaporation pond Groundwater recharge Infiltration basin Injection well Irrigation Marine dumping Marine outfall Reclaimed water Sanitary sewer Septic drain field Sewage farm Storm drain Surface runoff Vacuum sewer
Category: Sewerage

Toilets
Equipment	Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self-cleaning toilet seat Toilet Toilet paper Trap (U-bend)
Types	Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container-based Dry Dual flush Electronic Flush Freezing Head (boat) Hudo (Scouting) Incinerating Intelligent Latrine Low-flush On-board Passenger train Pay Pig Pit Portable Potty Public Sanisette (self-cleaning) Space Squat Treebog Urine-diverting dry Vacuum Washlet (combined toilet and bidet)
Cultural and policy aspects	Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Honeywagon (vehicle) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Swachh Bharat Mission Toilet god Toilet humour Toilet paper orientation Toilet plume Toilet-related injuries and deaths Toilet Revolution in China Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck
Jobs and activities	Manual scavenging Restroom attendant Sanitation worker Slopping out Toilet training Toileting
Urine-related aspects	Female urinal Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Sanistand Urinal Urinal (health care) Urination Urine collection device Urine deflector Urine diversion
Feces-related aspects	Anal hygiene Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology
Places	Hundertwasser Toilets Modern Toilet Restaurant National Poo Museum Outhouse Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet (room) Toilets in Japan
Historical terms	Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Dansker Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the Stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter
See also	History of water supply and sanitation Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day

Biosolids, waste, and waste management
Major types	Agricultural wastewater Biodegradable waste Biomedical waste Brown waste Chemical waste Construction waste Demolition waste Electronic waste by country Food waste Green waste Hazardous waste Heat waste Industrial waste Industrial wastewater Litter Marine debris Mining waste Municipal solid waste Open defecation Packaging waste Post-consumer waste Radioactive waste Scrap metal Sewage Sharps waste Surface runoff Toxic waste
Processes	Anaerobic digestion Balefill Biodegradation Composting Garden waste dumping Illegal dumping Incineration Landfill Landfill mining Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical sorting Photodegradation Recycling Resource recovery Sewage treatment Waste collection Waste sorting Waste trade Waste treatment Waste-to-energy
Countries	Armenia Australia Bangladesh Brazil Hong Kong India Japan Kazakhstan New Zealand Russia South Korea Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States
Agreements	Bamako Convention Basel Convention EU directives batteries framework incineration landfills RoHS vehicles waste water WEEE London Convention Oslo Convention OSPAR Convention
Occupations	Sanitation worker Street sweeper Waste collector Waste picker
Other topics	Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future China's waste import ban Cleaner production Downcycling Eco-industrial park Extended producer responsibility High-level radioactive waste management History of waste management Landfill fire Sewage regulation and administration Upcycling Waste hierarchy Waste legislation Waste minimisation Zero waste
Environment portal Category: Waste Concepts Index Journals Lists Organizations

Blog Archive

Saturday, September 11, 2021

09-11-2021-0217 - Phosphorous acid phosphonate groups are used as stable bioisoteres for phosphate, such as in the antiviral nucleotide analog, Tenofovir

Tuesday, September 7, 2021

09-07-2021-1403 - Pseudohalogens analoge analogue psuedo

Common pseudohalogens and their nomenclature[edit]

Tuesday, September 7, 2021

09-07-2021-1333 - cyanogen (CN)2 1815 prussia

Patient R.B.[edit]

Phosphorus(III)

List of isotopes[edit]

Phosphorus-32[edit]

Phosphorus-33[edit]

Phosphorus(I) and phosphorus(II)

Phosphides and phosphines

Oxoacids

Nitrides

Sulfides

Organophosphorus compounds

History

Etymology

Discovery

Bone ash and guano

Phosphate rock

Incendiaries

Production

Peak phosphorus

Elemental phosphorus

Applications

Fertiliser

Organophosphorus

Metallurgical aspects

Matches

Water softening

Miscellaneous

Bone and teeth enamel

Phosphorus deficiency

US DEA List I status

See also

Phosphorus in the environment[edit]

Ecological function[edit]

Major pools in aquatic systems[edit]

Biological function[edit]

Phosphorus cycling[edit]

Phosphatic minerals[edit]

Eutrophication[edit]

Wetland[edit]

Human influences[edit]

See also[edit]

Category:Polyatomic nonmetals

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Category:Pyrotechnic fuels

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09-07-2021-1553 - Hexazine (also known as hexaazabenzene)

09-07-2021-1401 - Methylidynephosphane (phosphaethyne

Tuesday, September 7, 2021

09-07-2021-1358 - Cyaphide

Category:Antitoxins

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