The effective nuclear charge (often symbolized as or ) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a polyelectronic atom. The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevent higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge of the nucleus due to the repelling effect of inner-layer electrons. The effective nuclear charge experienced by the electron is also called the core charge. It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by the oxidation number of the atom. Most of the physical and chemical properties of the elements can be explained on the basis of electronic configuration. Consider the behavior of ionization energies in the periodic table. It is known that the magnitude of ionization potential depends upon the following factors:
(a) Size of atom;
(b) The nuclear charge;
(c) The screening effect of the inner shells, and;
(d) The extent to which the outermost electron penetrates into the charge cloud set up by the inner lying electron.
In the periodic table,Effective nuclear charge(Zeff) increases both down the group and across a period.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge
Diamond dust is a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals. This meteorological phenomenon is also referred to simply as ice crystals and is reported in the METAR code as IC. Diamond dust generally forms under otherwise clear or nearly clear skies, so it is sometimes referred to as clear-sky precipitation. Diamond dust is most commonly observed in Antarctica and the Arctic, but can occur anywhere with a temperature well below freezing. In the polar regions of Earth, diamond dust may persist for several days without interruption.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_dust
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