05-21-2023-2258 - Monumentalism

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Monumentalism defines the architectural tendencies that during the first half of the twentieth century had as their essential canon the inspiration and connection to classicism and neoclassicism. Critics divide this architecture into two streams: Neo-Baroque and Simplified Neoclassicism.

Neo-Baroque

Former building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Kyiv

Arnaldo dell'Ira, Tempio degli Eroi

Neo-Baroque (Baroque Revival) shows a return to the eighteenth century with the proportion of orders becoming gigantic, enriched with ornamental friezes. It is the public architecture of the Soviet Union with the various buildings of the central party committees in Leningrad as in Kyiv. The scenographic vision of the architectural space, which is to celebrate the regime, takes over on the planimetric composition of the buildings.

Simplified Neoclassicism

Simplified Neoclassicism, also called Novecento Italiano style, is linked to the classical architectural culture, but lightens its elements and architectural details, removing or simplifying the decoration. This is the architecture preferred by totalitarian regimes for its celebratory efficacy in the built environment, with the exaltation of the Roman age in the Italian case. Its major theorist will be in Italy the architect Marcello Piacentini who dominates the fascist twenty years with his canons, crowding out the rationalists, who attempted to reconcile the themes of the Modern Movement within an authoritarian regime. This style also affected new urbanistic projects (university city of Rome, E42) and the demolition and reconstruction of historic centers (Via della Conciliazione, historic centers of Brescia and Livorno).

Piacentini will develop two essential canons: the exterior modernization of the style and the classic structure of the architectural design, with:

• the elementaryization of the architectural details; smooth walls, full balconies, flattened frames, lightened capitals, elementary arches, beveled columns, which must remind the Mediterranean Sea and past "Roman times", also adopting specific materials such as marble;
• an empty neoclassical architectural space with symmetrical and blocked plans, closed volumes, gigantism of proportions, exaltation of the overall scenographic vision.

Links with the Modern Movement

Eduskuntatalo building in Helsinki (1927–1931)

Some scholars identify traits that of the Novecento Italiano in architects who straddle the nineteenth-century language and the Modern Movement, as in the last works of Auguste Perret, where the features are however much more sober and somehow refer to the classical French tradition, as in the Public Works Museum of 1937. Other examples are found in the so-called Scandinavian Classicism and with some constructions by the Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund, who for some in the Stockholm Crematorium 1935–40 achieves a balance between modern forms and monumentalism in an ideal of synthesis with the languages of the past classical tradition.

Some include in monumentalism, even if in part, the so-called metaphysical architecture of interwar Italy, typical of which some fascist-era cities of foundation such as Portolago (on the Greek island of Leros) or Sabaudia. This, however, seems more related to the themes of the Modern Movement in its specification and Italian characteristic (Italian Rationalism), defining the two cities described above as rare examples, although unknown as regards the first, of International Style.

Some critics go even further, including in Monumentalism part of some architectural expressions of the Modern Movement, when they concerned a search for symmetry, perfect, repetitive and monumental rhythm, as in the works of Mies van der Rohe, of which the Seagram Building it is the most complete expression. Also in some works by Giuseppe Terragni the primordial forms of Monumentalism such as the cubic, monolithic and strongly symbolic volumes are found. Moreover, the Casa del Fascio of Como, one of the masterpieces of Italian Rationalism, is designed on the golden section and built on symmetrical balances. However, these buildings belonging to the Modern Movement have different articulations in plan in relation to the functional distribution, which is less found in decidedly monumental constructions; in them the architectural space is closely linked to the relationship between form and function, which is the first and essential characteristic of the rationalistic theme.

Related pages

• Neoclassical architecture
• Modern architecture
• Novecento Italiano
• Rationalism (architecture)
• Fascist architecture

Category:

• Architectural history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentalism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles_1750%E2%80%931900

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_stitch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square_(University_of_Washington)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_brick

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudbrick

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick-lined_well

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Square

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Chapel,_Horsham

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_tea

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Wall in Islington

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St. Mary's Church in Lübeck, Germany with red and varnished brick, edges of granite and cornices of limestone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Gothic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_brick

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Church

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickwork

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Renaissance

Interior of a brick-lined well in Utrecht, Netherlands

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick-lined_well

 

Dolphin Square from Grosvenor Road

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Square

 

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra

The green centre and west, north and east façades of some of the square and the round portico cupola of the church on the horizon after the rectangle has narrowed to form Wyndham Place.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryanston_Square

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture)

 

Rittenhouse Square

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Rittenhouse Square in October 2010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rittenhouse_Square

 

Naval Square
Neighborhood of Philadelphia
The Naval Square gated neighborhood behind wall on Grays Ferry Avenue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Square,_Philadelphia

 

The Navy Yard, Philadelphia, PA
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Reserve Fleet in Philadelphia in 1955

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard

 

The "League Island Crane" with the destroyer USS Lamson in the foreground

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard

 

Philadelphia Naval Hospital staff, Philadelphia Navy Yard, 1 July 1835, p.2,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard

 

12–18 Brunswick Square

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E2%80%9318_Brunswick_Square,_Gloucester

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelsonville,_Ohio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erector_Square

 

The Pension Office Building built in 1883 (now the National Building Museum), featuring Washington Brick Machine Company bricks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Brick_Company

 

 

 

Harvard Square Subway Kiosk

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Harvard Square Subway Kiosk in November 2020   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square_Subway_Kiosk   The original 1912-built headhouse, which was demolished in 1927 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square_Subway_Kiosk   Jamaica Plain Neighborhood of Boston Soldier's Monument and First Unitarian Universalist Church in Jamaica Plain  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain   Philadelphia City Hall under construction in 1881 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall   Philadelphia City Hall North face of Philadelphia City Hall   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall   Jackson Square U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark U.S. National Historic Landmark District Contributing Property Jackson Square, with Jackson's statue at center, and Saint Louis Cathedral  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)   Great Wall of China - Western Wall Hadrian's Wall - Walls of Ston    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagwanpura,_Haryana   A wood-burning brick oven https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry_oven   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_Square_Pavilion   Scollay Square, Boston, 19th century (after September 1880) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scollay_Square   New York Cotton Exchange U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark U.S. Historic district Contributing property New York City Landmark No. 0042 The building's Hanover Square facade  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Hanover_Square   Manchester Square in the 1790s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Square     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Square_Conservation_Area https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_and_daub#Square_panels https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Times_Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier_Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrickFair https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangertown_Square   1853 picture of the Brick Market building, home to the Museum of Newport History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Newport_History   Union Square U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Union Square seen from 14th Street in May 2010   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan   Place des Vosges Aerial view of the Place des Vosges     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Vosges https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Heritage_Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble_masonry   Hamilton Woolen Company Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Woolen_Company_Historic_District National Holocaust Names Memorial (Amsterdam) Holocaust Namenmonument Northern Weesperstraat entrance of the memorial with huge mirrors, 2021.   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Holocaust_Names_Memorial_(Amsterdam)   A section of the original IRT northbound platform at Times Square, now a closed-off section of the track 4 shuttle platform https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station     68 Cadogan Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadogan_Square#/media/File:68_Cadogan_Square_07.JPG     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Lane_Market   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theater_at_Madison_Square_Garden     Piazza San Marco St. Mark's Square Public square Piazza San Marco with the Basilica (1720) by Canaletto Location Venice, Italy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco Byzantine architecture From left to right: Hagia Sophia in Turkey, Basilica of San Vitale in Italy, Church of St John the Baptist in Crimea, Basilica of San Vitale Years active 4th century – 1453 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture The Biltmore Mayfair https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biltmore_Mayfair,_LXR_Hotels_%26_Resorts Lubyanka Лубянка https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubyanka_Building Shri Siddhivinayak Temple श्री सिद्धिविनायक मंदिर Shri Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai (Maharashtra, India) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhivinayak_Temple,_Mumbai Old Brick Church Old Brick Church (left) and St. Paul's Chapel (right) in 1840. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Brick_Church_(Manhattan) Moscow Kremlin Native name Russian: Московский Кремль Location Moscow, Russia Coordinates 55°45′6″N 37°37′4″E Area 27.7 ha (0.277 km2) Built 1482–1495 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_earth_block Views of the 14th Street IRT station in 1904 Under construction Newly opened https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Street%E2%80%93Union_Square_station The Burj Khalifa holds the record of the tallest spire in the world, with the height of 244 m (801 ft) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packing_problems#Packing_squares https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(unit) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhitargaon     Anaconda Copper Mining Company Smoke Stack U.S. National Register of Historic Places Northwest side Location Anaconda, Montana Nearest city Butte, Montana Coordinates 46°6′36.08631″N 112°54′49.51520″W[1] Built 1918 Architect Alphons Custodis Chimney Constr. Co. NRHP reference No. 87000607 Added to NRHP April 9, 1987    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Smelter_Stack   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic#Square_Kufic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden_1978     A wood-frame American Foursquare house in Minnesota with dormer windows on each side and a large front porch Wegeforth-Wucher house, Burlingame, San Diego The American Foursquare or American Four Square is an American house style popular from the mid-1890s to the late 1930s. A reaction to the ornate and mass-produced elements of the Victorian and other Revival styles popular throughout the last half of the 19th century, the American Foursquare was plain, often incorporating handcrafted "honest" woodwork (unless purchased from a mail-order catalog). This style incorporates elements of the Prairie School and the Craftsman styles. It is also sometimes called Transitional Period.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Foursquare Newby–McMahon Building Photographed in January 2016 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_littlest_skyscraper South elevation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosson_House Fortune Playhouse Reconstruction of the theatre, drawn by Walter Godfrey in 1911 based on the builder's contract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Playhouse Chelsea Town Hall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London   The Redlin Art Center main building https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlin_Art_Center   New Market U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark U.S. Historic district Contributing property Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Head House (left) and market sheds (right) (2013)   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Market_and_Head_House An example of Connaught Square's Georgian architecture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Square   World's Largest Entertainment McDonald's https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Largest_Entertainment_McDonald%27s Bummerlhaus in Steyr https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bummerlhaus   Watts and Yuille Warehouses U.S. National Register of Historic Places Yuille Warehouse in December 2014    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_and_Yuille_Warehouses     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Valley View, Texas City Location of Valley View, Texas Location in Cooke County Coordinates: 33°29′37″N 97°9′52″W Country United States State Texas County Cooke Area [1]  • Total 3.54 sq mi (9.17 km2)  • Land 3.54 sq mi (9.16 km2)  • Water 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) Elevation 722 ft (220 m) Population  (2010)  • Total 757  • Estimate  (2019)[2] 845  • Density 238.97/sq mi (92.27/km2) Time zone UTC-6 (Central (CST))  • Summer (DST) UTC-5 (CDT) ZIP code 76272 Area code 940 FIPS code 48-74756[3] GNIS feature ID 1370559[4] Website www.cityofvv.com Valley View is a city in Cooke County, Texas, United States. Its population was 757 at the 2010 census.[5] History The town was first settled in 1870 by the Lee family. L.W. Lee plotted a town on his land in 1872, naming it "Valley View", presumably for the view offered at the site of Spring Creek valley. Eighteen families moved in, and a post office opened in the community that same year. A blacksmith shop was opened in 1873, and the shop was used for the community's first school. By 1884, the town had an estimated 250 inhabitants, three steam gristmills and cotton gins, and three general stores, and it shipped cotton, livestock, and wheat. The Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway (now the BNSF Railway) reached the town in 1886. Valley View had four church buildings and a hotel by 1890, and the Valley View Independent School District was incorporated in 1902. In 1903, the town witnessed dramatic growth with the completion of a two-story brick school house and six brick business buildings, the arrival of telephone service, and the opening of a bank. The following year the Valley View News began publishing weekly. The community had an estimated population of 600 by 1914. Valley View Square Two fires struck the town in 1924. In the fall, the east side of the town square was burned down. On the morning of December 19, bank robbers started a second fire as they robbed the First National Bank (later named the Valley View National Bank and was owned by Thomas R. Couch) of $5,000. A further two city blocks were destroyed. First National Bank Valley View's population was estimated at 700 from the 1920s through the mid-1960s. In 1970, it was 805, but the town declined during the next decade. When Valley View formally incorporated in 1980, it had 514 inhabitants and six businesses. The town began to grow again in the 1980s and had a population of 640 in 1990. John Marvin Jones, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1916 to 1940 and later chief judge of the federal Court of Claims, was born in Valley View. Geography Valley View is located in southern Cooke County at 33°29′37″N 97°9′52″W (33.493656, –97.164403).[6] Interstate 35/U.S. Route 77 passes just east of the center of town, with access from exits 485 through 487. The highway leads north 10 miles (16 km) to Gainesville, the county seat, and south 20 miles (32 km) to Denton. According to the United States Census Bureau, Valley View has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.2 km2), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km2), or 0.13%, is covered by water.[5] Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, Valley View has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.[7] Demographics Historical population Census Pop. Note %± 1980 514 — 1990 640 24.5% 2000 737 15.2% 2010 757 2.7% 2019 (est.) 845 [2] 11.6% U.S. Decennial Census[8] 2020 census Valley View racial composition[9] (NH = Non-Hispanic)[a] Race Number Percentage White (NH) 591 80.19% Black or African American (NH) 4 0.54% Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 1 0.14% Asian (NH) 2 0.27% Some Other Race (NH) 2 0.27% Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 60 8.14% Hispanic or Latino 77 10.45% Total 737 As of the 2020 United States census, there were 737 people, 290 households, and 206 families residing in the city. 2000 census As of the census[3] of 2000, 737 people, 270 households, and 216 families were residing in the town. The population density was 319.0 people per square mile (123.2/km2). The 292 housing units had an average density of 126.4 per square mile (48.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.01% White, 0.27% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.81% Asian, 1.22% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3.39% of the population. Of the 270 households, 38.5% had children younger than 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were not families. About 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.73, and the average family size was 3.10. In the town, the age distribution was 29.7% younger than 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females 18 and older, there were 84.3 males. The median income for a household in the town was $48,500, and for a family was $51,875. Males had a median income of $39,167 versus $24,107 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,204. About 7.9% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.4% of those younger than age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or older. Education Valley View is served by the Valley View Independent School District. The district was incorporated in 1902. A two-story brick school was built in 1902–1903. A larger school was built in 1938, which is still in use as part of the elementary campus. It has been renovated to restore the original features of the building. The district grew during the time of school consolidation in the early to mid-1900s. Local schools such as John's Branch, Lone Oak, Elm Grove, Lois, Burns City, and Mountain Springs became part of the Valley View ISD. The VVISD served about 650 students on three connected campuses, as of 2007. Government The town voted to incorporate in 1979. The city is a type A general law city, and is served by a volunteer mayor and five aldermen. Sources of revenue are sales tax, ad valorem tax, and franchise fees. The city employs a municipal judge, city secretary, city/municipal court clerk, police officer, and city attorney. In 1993, the board of aldermen voted to borrow money from the Greater Texoma Utility Authority to build a wastewater treatment plant. The city was expected to pay $2,400 per month until April 2013. The city is in negotiations with Bolivar Water Supply Company to purchase the utilities in the city limits. The city's extraterritorial jurisdiction is half a mile outside the city limits. Business and community Sports events play a large role in the community. The varsity football team was the state champion in 1980. The girls' varsity basketball team was 1-A state runner-up in 1999 and 2000. In 2005, the varsity football team won the 16-A district championship. The football team has also won the bi-district title for the 2015–2017 years. The boys' cross country team won the state championship in 2014 and 2015, and placed third at the state meet in 2017 and 2018. The boys' track team placed third at the state track meet in 2018. The Valley View Area Chamber of Commerce was organized in 1997. Three restaurants are in Valley View: Avalanche Bay (pizza and snow cones), York ‘n’ Ale (burgers), and a Dairy Queen franchise. Whiskey Hollow distillery and Firelight Vineyards wine tasting room are located on the downtown square along with the Rustic Ranch Furniture Co. The major businesses in town are a trucking company hub and the Martindale Feed Mill, both owned by Alan Ritchey, Inc. First State Bank of Gainesville has a branch near Interstate 35. A motel was opened in early 2008. Six churches are within the city limits of Valley View: First Baptist Church (Southern Baptist), Church of Christ (Churches of Christ), Cornerstone Baptist Church (Southern Baptist), St. John's Catholic Church (Roman Catholic), Methodist Church (United Methodist), and Christian Gathering (independent Pentecostal). The town has a chapter of Keep Texas Beautiful, which was named first-place winner in the 2006 Governor's Community Achievement Awards and received $60,000. The money was earmarked for renovations to the downtown square. In popular culture The Disney Channel TV series, The Villains of Valley View, is set in Valley View. References "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Valley View city, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. Climate Summary for Valley View, Texas "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-22. https://www.census.gov/[not specific enough to verify] "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved 18 May 2022. Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[10][11] Further reading A. Morton Smith, The First 100 Years in Cooke County (San Antonio: Naylor, 1955) Gainesville Daily Register (Gainesville, Texas, various editions) External links City of Valley View official website Handbook of Texas Online Valley View history v t e Municipalities and communities of Cooke County, Texas, United States County seat: Gainesville Cities Callisburg Gainesville Lindsay Muenster Valley View Towns Oak Ridge Road Runner CDPs Lake Kiowa Myra Other communities Bulcher Era Marysville Rosston Sivells Bend Woodbine Texas portal United States portal Categories: Cities in Cooke County, Texas Cities in Texas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_View,_Texas   Tredegar Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredegar_Square   East side of the Place des Vosges in Paris, one of the earliest examples of terraced housing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraced_house   The classical Kufic[1] script of the Blue Quran.[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bremen Market Square) Market square with town hall, cathedral and parliament building Opposite view of the market square: Schütting and western side The Bremer Marktplatz (Bremen Market Square) is a square situated in the centre of the Hanseatic City of Bremen. One of the oldest public squares in the city, it covers an area of 3,484 m2 (37,500 sq ft). It is no longer used as a market place except for the Christmas market and the annual Freimarkt Fair at the end of October. History and development Market square in 1641 by Matthäus Merian Market place and its surroundings in 1796: Townhall red, archbishop's palace blue, Schütting olive, stock exchange (brown, 1614 to 1687 an uncovered area after the erasion of the shoe hall), general outline like in 1630, possible (red) and fiktive (green) views of Merian's depiction Hanseatic Cross on the market At least parts of the market place had been in function since the age of Charlemagne. Its southern side originally was the bank of river Balge (river), a branch of the Weser and Bremen's first port. There was an easy access for boats, but this section of the bank was too low for permanent buildings. From late 12th to late 13th century, the area of the market place was levelled and plastered in several stages. Theories that before the construction of the Bremen Town Hall in 1405 to 1410 all or only most of the market activities took place near Liebfrauenkirche have been falsified by archeological findings. Meantime with the townhall, Roland Statue was erected on the market square. Some time later, a stone wall was built between the inner and the outer areas of the square. The inner space was used for the market. A rule was made which allowed only merchants whose vehicles could pass one of the seven openings in the wall to sell their products. The city council made this rule in order to ensure that there was sufficient space for pedestrians between the market stalls.[1] In the end of the 18th or beginning of the 19th century, the wall was removed and replaced by a circle of columns. At the same time, the market place lost its outstanding importance as a centre of trade and commerce even though it continued to be used as a market until mid 20th century. In 1836, the square was repaved with sandstone. Inside the circle of columns, darker stones depicted a wheel with 10 spokes. At centre of the wheel, reddish stones form a Hanseatic Cross. With a diameter of 4.8 m (16 ft), it commemorates the importance of the Hanseatic Legion during the Wars of Liberation (1813-1815). Between February and June 2002, the pavement was renewed without changing its historical layout. Buildings Compilation of photos taken from Merian's possible views The building ensemble which flanks the Marktplatz is considered one of the most beautiful in Germany. In July 2004, the part consisting of the Roland Statue and the Town Hall was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sandstone and brick are uniformly used for the façades of the buildings.[2] Many objects of historical interest surround the Marktplatz. The entire complex is listed as a heritage site.[3] Am Markt 1: Rathscafé/Deutsches Haus, 1908–1911 Am Markt 9: Haus Jonas und Kaune, 1600 und 1955 Am Markt 11: Raths-Apotheke, 1893–1894 und 1957/58 Am Markt 12: Sparkasse am Markt, 1755 und 1958 Am Markt 13: Schütting, 1537–1538 Am Markt 14, 15 and 16: Bankhaus Neelmeyer, Wilckens’sches Haus, Bremische Hypothekenbank, Geschäftshaus „Zum Roland“, Niedersaechsische Bank Am Markt 17: Medizinisches Warenhaus, 1950 Am Markt 18: Eduscho-Haus, Bankhaus Carl F. Plump & Co., 1952–1953 Am Markt 19: Bankhaus Carl F. Plump & Co., 1960 Am Markt 20: Haus der Bürgerschaft (parliament building), 1962–1966 Am Markt 21: Town Hall, New Town Hall, Bremen Ratskeller from 1400 till today Marktstraße 3: House C of the chamber of commerce, 1956 Am Dom 1: Bremen Cathedral, from 1041 till today Am Dom 2: Küsterhaus (sexton's house), 1926–1928 Am Dom 5A: Börsenhof A, part of the New Exchange (Neue Börse) Böttcherstraße 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9: 1922–1931 Langenstraße 2, 4, 6 and 8: previously Disconto-Bank, today Kontorhaus am Markt mit Ladenpassage (office building with shopping mall), 1910/12 und 2001/02 Langenstraße 13: Stadtwaage (Weigh House), with two cultural institutions, the Günter-Grass-Stiftung and the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen Literature Schwarzwälder, Herbert (2003). Das Große Bremen-Lexikon (in German). Edition Temmen. ISBN 3-86108-693-X. Trunkhardt, Maren; e.V., City Initiative Bremen Werbung (2009). Bremen - der schönste Marktplatz des Nordens: City-Guide 2009 (in German). City Initiative Bremen Werbung e.V. References "Der Marktplatz" (in German). Reiseführer Bremen. Retrieved 13 December 2013. "Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen". UNESCO. Retrieved 13 December 2013. "Database of Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen #0065". (in German) External links Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen, UNESCO Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marketplace of Bremen. v t e Bremen Authority control Categories: Squares in Bremen (city) Buildings and structures in Bremen (city) History of Bremen (city) World Heritage Sites in Germany Brick Gothic Gothic architecture in Germany Renaissance architecture in Bremen (city) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremer_Marktplatz     BrickCon 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrickCon   Ghirardelli Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghirardelli_Square         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_stock_brick https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Gothic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick-lined_well https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubyanka_Building https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Brick_Church_(Manhattan) Chicago Avenue side of architect Frank Lloyd Wright's home and studio in Oak Park, Illinois, showing post-1911 changes to studio building. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_School Gallery Ward Willits House, Highland Park, Illinois, 1901, one of the first Prairie Houses by Frank Lloyd Wright The Darwin Martin House, Buffalo, New York, 1903–1905, Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House, Chicago, Illinois, 1908, Frank Lloyd Wright Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1905–1908, Frank Lloyd Wright Larkin Administration Building, Buffalo, New York, 1906, Frank Lloyd Wright Merchants National Bank, Winona, Minnesota, 1912, Purcell and Elmslie Purcell House, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1913, Purcell and Elmslie Henry Schultz House, Winnetka, Illinois, 1907, George W. Maher The Ernest J. Magerstadt House, Chicago, Illinois, 1908, George W. Maher The Kenilworth Club entrance, Kenilworth, Illinois, 1907, George W. Maher William H. Emery Jr. House, 1903, Walter Burley Griffin Ralph Griffin House, Edwardsville, Illinois, 1913, Walter Burley Griffin Frederick Carter House, Evanston, Illinois, 1910, Walter Burley Griffin Architect William E. Drummond's own house, River Forest, Illinois, 1910 First Congregational Church, Chicago, Illinois, 1908, William E. Drummond Morocco Temple, Jacksonville, Florida, 1910, Henry John Klutho Cafe Brauer, Chicago, Illinois, 1908, Dwight Heald Perkins First Reformed Church, Toledo, Ohio, 1900s, Langdon and Hohly, architects Herbert F. Johnson House, (Wingspread), Wind Point, Wisconsin, 1939, Frank Lloyd Wright.      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_School     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Hanover_Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraced_house https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oast_house https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spite_house https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon_house https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_One_Observatory_Circle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_House_Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_School_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Russell_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Square_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Square Trevor Square, Knightsbridge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Square   Nottoway Plantation House U.S. National Register of Historic Places Plantation big house, Nottoway  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottoway_Plantation   Rashtrapati Bhavan Official logo      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan   The Bayleaf house being dismantled, winter 1968–9. The left section is already missing; note on the right side the jettied upper floor and in the hall section the chimney stack behind the entrance door blocking the cross passage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealden_hall_house   Longleat House, Wiltshire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy_house   Myddelton Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myddelton_Square   Three Otters U.S. National Register of Historic Places Virginia Landmarks Register Three Otters, September 2012  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Otters   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_and_Katherine_Jacobs_First_House   East side. Terrace of: 1 St Andrew's Place (12 to 23) Park Square East 1 Albany Terrace https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Square,_London   Paul Revere House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark (2017)  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere_House   Model of a classic Chinese late imperial era home unit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_house_architecture   Mercer Williams House Museum Mercer House The house in 2020  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_House_(Savannah,_Georgia)     Albert Square Albert Square, overlooked by Manchester Town Hall Maintained by City of Manchester Location Manchester, England, UK Coordinates 53°28′46″N 2°14′42″W Construction Completion c. 1864; 159 years ago  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester   Albert Square, as depicted in a 1910 oil painting by Adolphe Valette. The Albert Memorial (left) and Gladstone statue (right) can be seen in the foreground. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester   William O. Jenkins House “The Phantom House”  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Jenkins_House   Pavlov's House in 2006  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlov%27s_House   Tower Hill 10 Trinity Square, Tower Hill https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill   Typical Victorian terraced houses in England, built in brick with slate roofs, stone details and modest decoration. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_house   Ruplal House Aratoon House Ruplal House in early 1900s Location Farashganj, Dhaka, Bangladesh Coordinates 23°42′13.1″N 90°24′49.1″E Built 1825 Architectural style(s) Renaissance architecture List of Old Dhaka Heritage Sites      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruplal_House   Brightwell Manor seen from the village churchyard in 2008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwell_Manor   A wooden house in Tartu, Estonia  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_house_types     The market square of Dornstetten, Germany, showing an ensemble of half-timbered buildings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framing   Floor plan of a basic central-passage house. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central-passage_house     Northgate Toll House, Aberaeron https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollhouse   Bagshot Park Bagshot Park, c. 1880      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagshot_Park   Francis McIlvain House U.S. National Register of Historic Places Francis McIlvain House, August 2010  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_McIlvain_House   Victoria Square House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Square_House Dogmersfield House   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmersfield_Park   Early byelaw houses in Cog Street, Burnley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelaw_terraced_house   Anglia Square Spiral staircase on Sovereign House in Anglia Square  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia_Square   Frank Brooder House U.S. National Register of Historic Places  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Brooder_House   The Carson Mansion in Eureka, California is an example of American Queen Anne style architecture[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States Star-Spangled Banner Flag House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Baltimore City Landmark Star-Spangled Banner Flag House in 2011   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_House_%26_Star-Spangled_Banner_Museum   Bloomsbury Square, a garden square in central London, England https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_square   The north side of Bedford Square, viewed from near the north-east corner https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Square   Claremont House and Estate Façade of the Claremont House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_(country_house)   Wilson Eyre House U.S. National Register of Historic Places Wilson Eyre House, October 2009  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Eyre_House   Rockefeller Guest House Seen in 2017    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Guest_House   Knebworth House in 2007 Lytton Mausoleum in June 2007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knebworth_House   One of the last remaining textile mill boarding houses in Lowell, Massachusetts, on right; part of the Lowell National Historical Park  Early-20th-century dinner in a miners' boarding house in northern Canada  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_house   Harry F. Sinclair House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark The main entrance on East 79th Street in 2010  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Sinclair_House   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard?wprov=srpw1_139 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square,_Baltimore   Independence Hall Independence Hall in Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution were both debated and ratified  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Hall   Palace of Italian Civilization Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana View of the building from west  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana   Henry T. Botsford House U.S. National Register of Historic Places  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_T._Botsford_House   James Blake House U.S. National Register of Historic Places   History The house was built in a Western English style of post-medieval architecture by James Blake, an immigrant from England. The Blake family owned the house until 1825 when it was acquired by the Williams family. In 1891, the City of Boston acquired the house.[3] In order to save the house from demolition in 1896, the Dorchester Historical Society acquired the property from the city and moved the house less than 500 feet from its original location by Massachusetts Avenue to its current location. In 1978, the interior and exterior of the house were designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission. The immediate area, as well as the house, have been undergoing an extensive renovation and preservation. The house was completely re-shingled and the grounds improved.[when?] Exterior, 1898 "Ye Olde Blake House," 1920 Interior Edward A. Huebner brick collection  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blake_House   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Carignano https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Square,_Bristol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergola https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Campus_(Yale_University) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_structure     For other uses, see Marble House (disambiguation). Marble House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark U.S. National Historic Landmark District Contributing Property The western facade, facing Bellevue Avenue Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Location 596 Bellevue Avenue Newport, Rhode Island Coordinates 41°27′43″N 71°18′20″W Built 1888–92 Architect Richard Morris Hunt Architectural style Beaux Arts Part of Bellevue Avenue Historic District (ID72000023) NRHP reference No. 71000025 Significant dates Added to NRHP September 10, 1971[2] Designated NHL February 17, 2006[1] Designated NHLDCP December 8, 1972 Marble House, a Gilded Age mansion located at 596 Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island, was built from 1888 to 1892 as a summer cottage for Alva and William Kissam Vanderbilt and was designed by Richard Morris Hunt in the Beaux Arts style. It was unparalleled in opulence for an American house when it was completed in 1892.[1] Its temple-front portico resembles that of the White House.[3] The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006. It is now open to the public as a museum run by the Newport Preservation Society.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_House   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Square,_Seattle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshunt_Great_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_relocation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etemenanki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall_Square,_Copenhagen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_Wolf_House  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clifton_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_St_Barnabas   The northwest side of the square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onslow_Square St Paul's Church   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onslow_Square   White House replica in Atlanta, Georgia  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_the_White_House   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodenough_College   Sleepy Hollow Country Club Club information Established 1911    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Country_Club   James Dickson and family outside Toorak House, circa 1872 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toorak_House,_Brisbane   A 2014 cityscape of London viewed from Westminster, showing an eclectic array of historic and modern architecture including the Palace of Westminster and The Shard. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_London   Regency Square General view of the square from the south https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Square,_Brighton   The 12th-century temple of Angkor Wat is the masterpiece of Angkorian architecture. Constructed under the direction of the Khmer king Suryavarman II, Angkor Wat is a Hindu temple of god Vishnu. It was designed as a pyramid representing the structure of the universe: the highest level at the center of the temple represented Mount Meru, the home of the Hindu gods, with the five towers on the highest level representing the five peaks of the mountain. The broad moat around the complex represented the oceans that surround the world. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_architecture   James Brown House U.S. National Register of Historic Places New York City Landmark No. 0568 (2009)    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown_House_(Manhattan)   The Biltmore Mayfair overlooking Grosvenor Square  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Lacy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._T._Montgomery_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sloan_Boyd_House   Branch House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District Contributing Property Virginia Landmarks Register Location 2501 Monument Avenue, Richmond, Virginia, United States    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_House   Massachusetts State House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark U.S. Historic district Contributing property The Massachusetts State House in Boston, November 2016  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House Hale House U.S. National Register of Historic Places Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 40 Hale House, 2008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_House_(Los_Angeles,_California) Montpelier c. 1975, during the du Pont family's ownership of the property. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)   Lubyanka Лубянка  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubyanka_Building   A typical Khrushchyovka in Moscow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_Russia   A series of "McMansions" in Leesburg, Virginia  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMansion   Horse stable interior https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable   Darlington, South Carolina City Darlington County Courthouse  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington,_South_Carolina   Ulm Minster Ulmer Münster (German) Ulm Minster from the west      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm_Minster   Rideau Cottage Rideau Cottage in 1892  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Cottage   Kew Palace The Dutch House, one of the few surviving parts of the Kew Palace complex https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Palace   Rear view of the Noxon House, winter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxon_House   Kingston Maurward https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Maurward_House   Osterley House Type    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterley_Park   Spanish Steps Stairway Scalinata di Trinità dei Monti (Italian) The Spanish Steps, seen from Piazza di Spagna. In foreground, the Fontana della Barcaccia  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Steps   A row of typical British terraced houses in Manchester  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraced_houses_in_the_United_Kingdom    Custom House Towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_House_Tower   The Russian Hill Vallejo Street Crest, in April 1906 after the earthquake; view of the Atkinson House  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Hill,_San_Francisco   Opening of Parliament House in May 1927 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra   Foster-Hutchinson house, corner of Garden Court and Fleet St. Probably built ca.1686 by merchant John Foster. Occupied by merchant Thomas Hutchinson (d.1739) (father of Governor Hutchinson, who was born in the house)[5]  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Square_(Boston,_Massachusetts)   North Square, Boston, 2010; (Paul Revere's house at left foreground) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Square_(Boston,_Massachusetts) Brownstones in Harlem, New York City https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownstone     Burning of Washington Part of the War of 1812 The burning of Washington depicted in an 1816 portrait of the same name by Paul de Rapin  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Washington   Market House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District Contributing Property Market House in 2021  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_House_(Providence,_Rhode_Island)   Quebec House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Warden_House?wprov=srpw1_259 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moses_Browning_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44_Union_Square New York Tribune Building https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune_Building           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steiner_House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_Central_District https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_St_Peter%27s_Square https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Augustus_Hockaday_House           The Betts House  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betts_House_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)     Republic Square Трг републике Urban neighbourhood Republic Square with the statue of Prince Mihailo  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Square_(Belgrade)   President's House in Philadelphia Third Presidential Mansion, occupied by George Washington, November 1790–March 1797 and by John Adams, March 1797–May 1800.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland_(James_Buchanan_House)   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Manor_House   Fairmont Peace Hotel 上海和平饭店 Front view of The Fairmont Peace Hotel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Hotel     Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot, 1889 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points,_Manhattan   Chemosphere Chemosphere, 2012  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemosphere   Exbury House, Hampshire  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exbury_House   Century Building U.S. National Register of Historic Places New York City Landmark No. 1539  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Building_(Union_Square,_Manhattan)     Geestharden house in Ockholm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geestharden_house   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Brick   Old Colony House U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark U.S. National Historic Landmark District Contributing Property Front elevation in 2017  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Colony_House   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%E2%80%93Woodbridge_House   The Entrance Hall in 1864, when it was being used as General Sherman's Headquarters. A sketch by William Waud in 1864. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%E2%80%93Meldrim_House   Masonic parade on Huntington Ave. through Copley Square, Boston, 1895 Copley Square, looking east (top) and west, c. 1905    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Square   The Gridshell building West Kingsdown horse whim The Market Hall Pendean farmhouse Westham windpump https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald_and_Downland_Living_Museum Lavirotte Building at 29 Avenue Rapp, 7th arrondissement (1901) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Lavirotte   Burrells Wharf Square. Burrells Wharf is one of the popular developments in the Isle of Dogs, London, UK. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrells_Wharf   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_house   A train at the original Harvard station in 1912 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_station   Minerva House c. 1985  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_House   Copley Square Hotel Front of the hotel, Huntington Avenue  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Square_Hotel   Place Eugène Flagey (French) Eugène Flageyplein (Dutch) The Place Eugène Flagey/Eugène Flageyplein as it appears today  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Eug%C3%A8ne_Flagey   Park Hill Flats   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield     Horbury Terrace (c.1836) in Sydney is one of the earliest surviving examples of terraced housing in Australia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_houses_in_Australia     Grouped in one long continuous frontage, Adelphi (1768-74) is the first to have the term 'terras' applied to it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_houses_in_Australia   The Circus, Bath (1754-1768). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_houses_in_Australia   Worker's terraces on Day Street in 1900 featuring dormer windows  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_houses_in_Australia   Cypress Terrace, East Melbourne, an example of well-preserved terraces https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_houses_in_Australia   Ballarat Terrace, Ballarat (1889), featuring polychrome brickwork and Melbourne-style cast iron.[83] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_houses_in_Australia#/media/File:Ballarat_terrace_side_on.jpg