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Monday, May 22, 2023

05-21-2023-2248 - Air de cour

Air de cour

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The air de cour was a popular type of secular vocal music in France in the late Renaissance and early Baroque period, from about 1570 until around 1650. From approximately 1610 to 1635, during the reign of Louis XIII, this was the predominant form of secular vocal composition in France, especially in the royal court.

Features

The first use of the term air de cour was in Adrian Le Roy's Airs de cour miz sur le luth (Book on Court Tunes for the Luth),[1] a collection of music published in 1571. The earliest examples of the form are for solo voice accompanied by lute;[2] towards the end of the 16th century, four or five voices are common, sometimes accompanied (or instrumental accompaniment may have been optional); and by the mid-17th century, most airs de cour were again for solo voice with accompaniment. Beginning in 1608, airs de cour were often taken from ballets de cour, a form of ballet which was quickly becoming popular at the French court.

Musically they were strophic, i.e. successive verses of the text were set with similar music. While the earlier music, especially that for multiple voices, was polyphonic, after about 1610 the music usually was homophonic, sung syllabically and without meter, with a clear influence from the musique mesurée which developed in Paris around 1570. Collections exist which deviate considerably from these trends, however; several printers specialized in polyphonic airs de cour throughout the early 17th century, and there are eight volumes published by Le Roy & Ballard which are monophonic – for a single voice with no accompaniment.

Airs de cour show surprisingly little influence from the Italian early Baroque trends of monody and the madrigal, either in its polyphonic or its concertato form. This is all the more surprising as Italian musicians often worked in France, and the polyphonic and concertato forms of madrigal were being deeply influential in Germany at the same time. Emotional expression in the airs de cour, compared to that of the contemporary Italian madrigalists, is cool, classical and reserved, in keeping with contemporary French taste. Vocal range of the music is usually limited to one octave; dissonance and chromaticism are rare; and the overall simplicity of expression is striking.

The influence of the air de cour extended beyond France. Collections were published in Germany, and more importantly in England, where translations were rather popular, as attested by the several publications and copies. There exists a delightfully titled publication: French Court-airs, with their Ditties Englished, (Edward Filmer, 1629), The air de cour had considerable influence on the development of the English ayre.

The atmosphere of these songs is very different from the English lute song, and the lute technique employs some novel features. There are notated strummings with the 1st finger, both up and down. There have been several articles on the finer points of this, as well as the exact meaning of the notation, in the English and French Lute Society Journals.

Composers

Composers of airs de cour included:

Media

"Enfin la Beauté"
5:40
Air de cour by Étienne Moulinié
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Je suis ravi de mon Uranie"
0:47
Air de cour by Étienne Moulinié
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Discography

  • Etienne Moulinie: Airs with lute tablature First Book (Musica Viva B000003XT6)
  • Etienne Moulinié, Airs de Cour (L'empreinte digitale, ed 13010)
  • Airs de Cour, La dispute des bergers/La pierre philosophale Les Arts Florissants/William Christie (Erato 3984-25485-2)
  • Airs de Cour Orinda: French renaissance songs, featuring Jennifer Lane can be listened to online (free and legally!) at this site
  • Antoine Boesset: Air Qui Produit Tant Des Choses : Boesset by Monique Zanetti, Ensemble A Deux Violes Esgales
  • Amour Cruel: airs by Michel Lambert et Sebastien Le Camus / Suzie LeBlanc, Stephen Stubbs, Les Voix Humaines (ATMA ACD2 2216)
  • Cœur, airs de cour français de la fin du XVIe siècle, Vincent Dumestre, Le Poème Harmonique, (Alpha 213) [1]

Footnotes


  • Robin, et al., 2007, p. 82

    1. Buelow, 2004, p. 156

    References and further reading

    • John H. Baron, "Air de cour", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
    • Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
    • Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947. ISBN 0-393-09745-5
    • Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986. ISBN 0-89917-034-X
    • Jeanice Brooks, Courtly Song in Late Sixteenth-Century France. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2000. ISBN 0-226-07587-7
    • The primary sources were published by the royal publishers Le Roy and Ballard. Garland has published many of them in facsimile in modern times.
    • George J. Buelow A history of baroque music Indiana University Press, 2004 pp. 156–158 ISBN 0-253-34365-8
    • Diana Maury Robin; Anne R. Larsen, Carole Levin, ABC-CLIO, 2007 ISBN 1-85109-772-4

    External links


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_de_cour


    Musically they were strophic, i.e. successive verses of the text were set with similar music. While the earlier music, especially that for multiple voices, was polyphonic, after about 1610 the music usually was homophonic, sung syllabically and without meter, with a clear influence from the musique mesurée which developed in Paris around 1570. Collections exist which deviate considerably from these trends, however; several printers specialized in polyphonic airs de cour throughout the early 17th century, and there are eight volumes published by Le Roy & Ballard which are monophonic – for a single voice with no accompaniment. 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_de_cour

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music

     

    Musique mesurée à l'antique (French: [myzik məzyʁe a lɑ̃tik]) was a style of vocal musical composition in France in the late 16th century. In musique mesurée, longer syllables in the French language were set to longer note values, and shorter syllables to shorter, in a homophonic texture but in a situation of metric fluidity, in an attempt to imitate contemporary understanding of Ancient Greek music. Although this compositional method did not attain popularity at first, it attracted some of the most famous composers of the time. Its basis in a desire to re-create the artistic ethos of Ancient Greece, especially in respect to text declamation, had a strong similarity to contemporary movements in Italy, such as the work of the Florentine Camerata which engendered the first operas, and brought about the beginning of the Baroque era in music. 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_mesur%C3%A9e

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(music)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaticism

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertato

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monody

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophony

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_(music)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strophic_form

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute

     

     

     

    Adrian Le Roy (c.1520–1598) was an influential French music publisher, lutenist, mandore player, guitarist, composer and music educator. 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Le_Roy

    Nicolas de La Grotte (also La Crotte) (1530 – c. 1600) was a French composer and keyboard player of the Renaissance. He was well known as a performer on the organ and on the spinet, as well as a composer of chansons; in addition he was one of very few French composers of the 16th century with a surviving composition written specifically for the keyboard.  

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_La_Grotte

    Charles Tessier (ca. 1550 – after 1604) was a French composer and lutenist.[1] While in London he set sonnets from Astrophel and Stella dedicated to Lady Penelope Rich. 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tessier

     

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Baroque_music

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Song_forms

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:16th-century_music_genres

     

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