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Monday, May 22, 2023

05-21-2023-2300 - Housing in Russia

Housing in Russia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Housing in Russia reflects the country's history, geography and traditions. According to Russian Public Opinion Research Center 65 percent of Russians live in apartments, 31 percent in a private house and 4 percent in dormitories.[1] The share of Russians who own an apartment or a house is relatively high and amounts to about 54 percent. About 11 percent reside in a rented apartment or house. The rest live with their relatives or friends.[2]

There are several major types of apartment blocks common in Russia. A Khrushchyovka is probably the most popular type. Usually it is a 4 or 5-storied concrete-paneled or brick apartment building with notoriously small apartments, extensively constructed in the 1960s and 1970s to solve the housing problem. Stalin-era buildings (Stalinka) from 1930s - 1950s are usually larger and more comfortable, however many of them require major renovation. One more type of apartment blocks is Brezhnevka built mostly in the 1970s and 1980s. Apartments there are a bit larger, and the buildings themselves are 9-16 stories high. Finally, the housing boom in 2000s led to wide-scale construction of new apartment buildings from economy to premium class based both on improved Soviet projects and new original decisions.[3]

A typical Khrushchyovka in Moscow

A typical Russian apartment includes a kitchen, a lavatory, sometimes a balcony and from one to three rooms. Unlike many other countries, when Russian people describe an apartment, they count all rooms, not just bedrooms. It's a common practice to have only one lavatory in the apartment, though modern apartments may have more lavatories and rooms.

Private housing boom began in the 1990s and is still going on. Most private houses are built in the suburbs of large cities. Obtaining a building permit is quite easy and the building regulations for private houses are quite liberal. The house must not be higher than 20 meters and must not have more than 3 floors. It should be located at least 5 meters from the plot border. Brick houses are more common in central and southern regions while wooden houses dominate in the north.[4]

There are no legal restrictions on owning a property in Russia for foreign citizens except owning agricultural lands and properties in the state border zone[5]

As of 2019, an average price for one square meter in a new apartment amounted to 64 thousand rubles.[6]

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[7] finds that Russia is fulfilling 71.7% of what they should be fulfilling for the right to housing, based on their level of income.[8]

References


  • ВЦИОМ узнал в каких домах живут россияне. Retrieved on 15 October 2020

  • ВЦИОМ узнал, в каких домах живут россияне. Retrieved on 15 October 2020

  • Сталинки, брежневки и хрущевки: плюсы и минусы советской застройки / Домклик. Retrieved on 11 May 2023

  • How to rent / buy a property in Russia / SDV Consulting. Retrieved on 11 May 2023

  • How to rent / buy a property in Russia / SDV Consulting. Retrieved on 11 May 2023

  • Средние цены на первичном рынке жилья по Российской Федерации / Росстат. Retrieved on 20 October 2020

  • "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-04.

    1. "Russian Federation - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-03-04.


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_Russia

     























    The House of the Government of the Russian Federation
    Дом Правительства Российской Федерации
    Moscow WhiteHouse K02.jpg
    The building in 2016

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Mikhailovna_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia?wprov=srpw1_19

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia?wprov=srpw1_48

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozhd


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Roman_Petrovich_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia?wprov=srpw1_73

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia?wprov=srpw1_99


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia


    Mariinsky Palace on Saint Isaac's Square was the seat of the State Council in the 20th century.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Alexandrovich_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Igor_Constantinovich_of_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipatiev_House

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Russia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlov%27s_House

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia

     

    A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.[1][2] Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses may have doors or locks to secure the dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and bathrooms, a kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. A house may have a separate dining room, or the eating area may be integrated into another room. Some large houses in North America have a recreation room. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock (like cattle) may share part of the house with humans. 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(disambiguation)

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Look up House or house in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

    A house is a structure used for habitation by people.

    House(s) may also refer to:

    Arts, entertainment, and media

    Fictional characters

    Films

    Literature

    Music and dance

    Generic terms

    Bands

    Songs

    Other media

    Business

    • Fashion house (maison couture), a business, often family-owned, which specializes in fashion design, including haute couture
    • House brand, a private label brand made by the company that sells it in its own stores
    • House Foods, a Japanese food manufacturer and brand
    • House (brand), a clothing brand

    Education

    People

    Places

    United States

    Religion and mythology

    Other uses

    See also

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(disambiguation)


    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    A brezhnevka is a concrete apartment building that was built in the Soviet Union from 1960-1980 under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev, after whom the building type is named.[1] The brezhnevka was preceded by the Khrushchevka.

    History

    The brezhnevka originated because of a desire for an update to the khrushchevka. As the needs of the population increased, so did the need to build updated housing. There are now about 40 versions of the brezhnevka.[2]

    Design

    The exterior

    Unlike the five-story khrushchevka that proceeded them, brezhnevkas contained nine to seventeen stories.[1] They were usually made of concrete panels, however some were made out of brick. The roofs were flat and coated with bitumen. A drain was also installed on the roof.[3]

    The interior

    The number of rooms in a brezhnevka apartment numbers from one to four. The height of the ceiling reaches 2.7 meters. Kitchens are 6.8 to 7.4 square meters. In the early version of the brezhneva, the bathroom and toilet were combined. In later versions, the bathroom and toilet became separate rooms.[3]

    Other characteristics

    Elevators were installed in the buildings, and buildings with fourteen floors had freight elevators as well as passenger elevators.[4] Trash chutes were also installed in brezhnevkas. The staircases were wider than those of earlier soviet apartments[3]

    Criticisms of the brezhnevka

    • The seams between the panels are prone to coming apart.
    • The buildings have poor insulation.
    • Bathrooms are cramped.
    • little to no sound insulation.[3] [5]

    Gallery

    • An example of a nine-storied brezhnevka, 1975.

      An example of a nine-storied brezhnevka, 1975.

    • Three tall brezhnevki with a long brezhnevka in the distance, 1975.

      Three tall brezhnevki with a long brezhnevka in the distance, 1975.

    • Brezhnevki in Liepaja, Latvia, 2003.

      Brezhnevki in Liepaja, Latvia, 2003.

    • Brezhnevki in Nizhny Novgorod, 2008.

      Brezhnevki in Nizhny Novgorod, 2008.

    References


  • OBRAZKOVA, MARINA. "A look at Soviet-era housing". rbth.com. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

  • Sargisovna, Ivashchenko. "Brezhnevka: description, characteristics, layout". els24-com. Retrieved 21 March 2023.

  • Sargisovna, Ivashchenko. "Brezhnevka: description, characteristics, layout". Retrieved 21 March 2023.

  • "All the secrets of Brezhnevka". Retrieved 21 March 2023.

    1. "Brezhnevka: description, layout, difference from Khrushchev". Retrieved 21 March 2023.

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