05-22-2023-2223 - Federal architecture

Federal architecture

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Federation architecture.

Central Pavilion at Tontine Crescent in Boston, built in 1793–94

Elfreth's Alley in Philadelphia, featuring Colonial and Federal-style homes, is believed to be the nation's oldest residential street.^[1]

Federal Hill mansion, built in 1795, at My Old Kentucky Home State Park in Bardstown, Kentucky

Old Town Hall in Salem, Massachusetts, built in 1816–17

Hamilton Hall, built in 1805 by Samuel McIntire in Salem, Massachusetts

An 1827 illustration by Alexander Jackson Davis of Massachusetts State House in Boston, built in 1798

South Carolina State House in Columbia, South Carolina, an example of American Federal style of architecture

Federal-style architecture is the name for the classical architecture built in the United States following the American Revolution between c. 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815, which was influenced heavily by the works of Andrea Palladio with several innovations on Palladian architecture by Thomas Jefferson and his contemporaries. Jefferson's Monticello estate and several federal government buildings, including the White House, are among the two most prominent examples of buildings constructed in Federal style.

Federal style is also used in association with furniture design in the United States of the same time period. The style broadly corresponds to the classicism of Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Regency architecture in Britain, and the French Empire style. It may also be termed Adamesque architecture. The White House and Monticello were setting stones for what Federal Architecture has become.

In the early United States, the founding generation consciously chose to associate the nation with the ancient democracies of Greece and the republican values of Rome. Grecian aspirations informed the Greek Revival, lasting into the 1850s. Using Roman architectural vocabulary,^[2] the Federal style applied to the balanced and symmetrical version of Georgian architecture that had been practiced in the American colonies' new motifs of neoclassical architecture as it was epitomized in Britain by Robert Adam, who published his designs in 1792.

Characteristics

American Federal architecture typically uses plain surfaces with attenuated detail, usually isolated in panels, tablets, and friezes. It also had a flatter, smoother façade and rarely used pilasters. It was most influenced by the interpretation of ancient Roman architecture, fashionable after the unearthing of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The bald eagle was a common symbol used in this style, with the ellipse a frequent architectural motif.

The classicizing manner of constructions and town planning undertaken by the federal government was expressed in early federal projects of lighthouses, harbor buildings, universities, and hospitals. It can be seen in the rationalizing, urbanistic layout of L'Enfant Plan of Washington and in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 in New York.^[3] The historic eastern part of Bleecker Street in New York, between Broadway and the Bowery, is home to Federal-style row houses at 7 to 13 and 21 to 25 Bleecker Street. The classicizing style of Federal architecture can especially be seen in the quintessential New England meeting house, with their lofty and complex towers by architects such as Lavius Fillmore and Asher Benjamin.^[4]

This American neoclassical high style was the idiom of America's first professional architects, such as Charles Bulfinch and Minard Lafever. Robert Adam and James Adam were leading influences through their books.^[5]

Legacy of Federal architecture in Salem, Massachusetts

In Salem, Massachusetts, there are numerous examples of American colonial architecture and Federal architecture in two historic districts: Chestnut Street District, which is part of the Samuel McIntire Historic District containing 407 buildings, and the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, consisting of 12 historic structures and about 9 acres (4 ha) of land along the waterfront.

Architects of the Federal period

• Asher Benjamin
• Charles Bulfinch
• John Holden Greene
• James Hoban
• Thomas Jefferson
• Minard Lafever
• Benjamin Latrobe
• Pierre L'Enfant
• John McComb Jr.
• Samuel McIntire
• Robert Mills
• Alexander Parris
• William Strickland
• Martin E. Thompson
• William Thornton
• Ithiel Town
• Ammi B. Young

Modern reassessment of the American architecture of the Federal period began with Fiske Kimball.^[6]

See also

• Adam style
• Boscobel (Garrison, New York)
• Hamilton Grange National Memorial
• List of houses in Fairmount Park
• Lyre arm
• Manasseh Cutler Hall
• Morris–Jumel Mansion

References

1. 
   

Historical marker on Elfreth's Alley

The design vocabulary of Federal architecture is accessibly illustrated and contrasted with Greek Revival in Rachel Carley, The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture 1994, ch. 5 "Neoclassical Styles", p. 90ff.

For the federal government's role in Federal architectural style and its symbolism, see Lois Craig, ed. The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics and Symbols in United States Government Building (Federal Architecture Project, Cambridge: MIT Press) 1978, chs. 1–3, with brief text and extended captions to multiple illustrations.

"British Empire / Thirteen Colonies (USA) / Early Independence-era / Religious | Colonial Architecture Project".

Creating Your Architectural Style. Pelican Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4556-0309-1.

6. Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and the Early Republic, 1922.

Further reading

• Craig, Lois A., The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics and National Design. The MIT Press: 1984. ISBN 0-262-53059-7.

External links

• "Federal style" at Encyclopædia Britannica
• "Federal Architecture" at General Services Administration

v t e Architecture of the United States
Native and indigenous	Mound Builders Pueblo
Colonial and post-colonial	Creole First Period Colonial Georgian Dutch Colonial French Colonial German Colonial Spanish Colonial Territorial
Early Republic	Adam Federal Jeffersonian Neoclassical
Mid-19th century	Greek Revival Italianate Gothic Revival
Victorian	Richardsonian Romanesque Second Empire American Renaissance Folk Stick style Queen Anne Shingle
Late-19th to mid-20th century	Art Deco (Streamline Moderne) American Craftsman American Foursquare Beaux-Arts California bungalow Chicago School Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Googie International style Mayan Revival Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Deco Prairie School PWA Moderne Sarasota School of Architecture Rustic Spanish Colonial Revival Territorial Revival Tudor Revival
Post–World War II	Blobitecture Deconstructivism Earthship High-tech Mid-century modern Modern Neo-eclectic Neo-futurism Neomodern New Classical architecture Postmodern Ranch Shed style Tiny-house Usonian
Building types and vernacular	Adobe Barabara Cape Cod Central-passage house Chickee Corn crib Cowboy church Critical regionalism Dogtrot house Earth lodge Hogan Hall and parlor house I-house Igloo Jacal Kiva Log cabin Longhouses Moki steps Plank house Platform mound Qargi Quiggly hole Ramada Saltbox Shotgun house Sipapu Skyscraper Sod house Sweat lodge Temples Tipi Town square Tupiq Wigwam
Cities	Atlanta Boston Buffalo Chicago Columbus Detroit Houston Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Los Angeles Miami New Orleans New York City Omaha Philadelphia Portland San Antonio San Francisco Seattle Spokane St. Louis Washington, D.C.
States	Hawaii Texas

Portals:

•  Architecture
•  Modern history
•  United States

Categories:

• Federal architecture
• 18th-century architecture in the United States
• 19th-century architecture in the United States
• American architectural styles
• House styles
• Neoclassical architecture
• Neoclassical architecture in the United States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture#Colonial_Georgian_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Period

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_architecture_in_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_colonial_architecture#German_Colonial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_and_parlor_house

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_lodge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltbox_house

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_house

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod_house

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_house

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogtrot_house

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_Victorian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Foursquare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_School

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic

The River Seine is just out of sight to the left in this 1981 image of the then Quai du Louvre, with the Quai des Tuileries beyond.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quai_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand