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Tuesday, May 23, 2023

05-23-2023-0131 - War of the First Coalition

War of the First Coalition
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Coalition Wars
Battle of ValmySiege of Toulon (1793)Battle of Fleurus (1794)Invasion of France (1795)Battle of ArcoleSiege of Mantua (1796–1797)War of the first coalition
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Left to right, top to bottom:
Battles of Valmy, Toulon, Fleurus, Quiberon, Arcole and Mantua
Date20 April 1792 – 17 October 1797
(5 years, 5 months and 4 weeks)
Location
France, Central Europe, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, West Indies
Result

French victory; Treaty of The Hague, Treaty of Paris, Peaces of Basel, Treaty of Tolentino, Treaty of Campo Formio

Territorial
changes
  • French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands, the Left Bank of the Rhine, and other smaller territories
  • Santo Domingo to France
  • Several French "sister republics" established
  • End of millennial Venetian independence
  • Belligerents

    First Coalition:
    Dutch Republic Dutch Republic
    (until 1795)[1]
     Great Britain[2]
     Holy Roman Empire (until 1797)[3]

    Papal States Papal States (until 1797)[6]
     Parma (until 1796)
     Portugal
     Prussia (until 1795)[4]
    Sardinia (until 1796)[7]
    Spain Spain (until 1795)[4]
     Naples (until 1796)
    Other Italian states[8]

    Kingdom of the French (until 1792)
    French First Republic French Republic (from 1792)[9]

    French satellites:[10]

    French naval allies:

    Commanders and leaders
    Strength

    French First Republic 1794:

    Casualties and losses
    Habsburg monarchy 94,000 soldiers killed in combat[17]
    ~282,000 died of disease
    220,000 captured
    100,000 wounded[18]
    French First Republic 100,000 soldiers killed in combat
    ~300,000 died of disease
    150,000 captured[19][17]
    This is a stopgap mapping solution, while attempts are made to resolve technical difficulties with {{OSM Location map}}
    Key:-
    1
    First Coalition: France 1792:...Toulon...
    2
    Second Coalition: Egypt 1798:...Pyramids...
    3
    Second Coalition: Italy 1799:...Marengo...
    4
    Third Coalition: Germany 1803:...Austerlitz...
    5
    Fourth Coalition: Prussia 1806:...Jena...
    6
    Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...Wagram...
    7
    Sixth Coalition: Germany 1813:...Leipzig...
    8
    Sixth Coalition: France 1814:...Paris...
    9
    Seventh Coalition: Belgium 1815:...Waterloo...

    The War of the First Coalition (French: Guerre de la Première Coalition) was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 initially against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it.[20] They were only loosely allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement; each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred.[21]

    Relations between the French revolutionaries and neighbouring monarchies had deteriorated following the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791. Eight months later, following a vote of the revolutionary-led Legislative Assembly, France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792; Prussia, having allied with Austria in February, declared war on France in June 1792. In July 1792, an army under the Duke of Brunswick and composed mostly of Prussians joined the Austrian side and invaded France. The capture of Verdun (2 September 1792) triggered the September massacres in Paris. France counterattacked with victory at Valmy (20 September) and two days later the Legislative Assembly proclaimed the French Republic.

    Subsequently, these powers made several invasions of France by land and sea, with Prussia and Austria attacking from the Austrian Netherlands and the Rhine, and Great Britain supporting revolts in provincial France and laying siege to Toulon in October 1793. France suffered reverses (Battle of Neerwinden, 18 March 1793) and internal strife (War in the Vendée) and responded with draconian measures. The Committee of Public Safety was formed (6 April 1793) and the levée en masse drafted all potential soldiers aged 18 to 25 (August 1793). The new French armies counterattacked, repelled the invaders, and advanced beyond France.

    The French established the Batavian Republic as a sister republic (May 1795) and gained Prussian recognition of French control of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the first Peace of Basel. With the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Holy Roman Empire ceded the Austrian Netherlands to France and Northern Italy was turned into several French sister republics. Spain made a separate peace accord with France (Second Treaty of Basel) and the French Directory carried out plans to conquer more of the Holy Roman Empire.

    North of the Alps, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen redressed the situation in 1796, but Napoleon Bonaparte carried all before him against Sardinia and Austria in northern Italy (1796–1797) near the Po Valley, culminating in the Peace of Leoben and the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797). The First Coalition collapsed, leaving only Britain in the field fighting against France. 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition




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