Nikiya Anton Bettey 2021: 05-23-2023-0210 - A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, magic tale, or wonder tale) ; etc. (draft)

Tuesday, May 23, 2023

05-23-2023-0210 - A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, magic tale, or wonder tale) ; etc. (draft)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The European fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf in a painting Carl Larsson in 1881.

A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, magic tale, or wonder tale) is a short story that belongs to the folklore genre.^[1] Such stories typically feature magic, enchantments, and mythical or fanciful beings. In most cultures, there is no clear line separating myth from folk or fairy tale; all these together form the literature of preliterate societies.^[2] Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as legends (which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described)^[3] and explicit moral tales, including beast fables. Prevalent elements include dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, griffins, mermaids, talking animals, trolls, unicorns, monsters, witches, wizards, and magic and enchantments.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index (ATU Index) is a catalogue of folktale types used in folklore studies. The ATU Index is the product of a series of revisions and expansions by an international group of scholars: originally composed in German by Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne (1910), the index was translated into English, revised, and expanded by American folklorist Stith Thompson (1928, 1961), and later further revised and expanded by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther (2004). The ATU Index, along with Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature (1932) – with which it is used in tandem, is an essential tool for folklorists.^[1]

Definition of tale type

In The Folktale, Thompson defines a tale type as follows:

A type is a traditional tale that has an independent existence. It may be told as a complete narrative and does not depend for its meaning on any other tale. It may indeed happen to be told with another tale, but the fact that it may be told alone attests its independence. It may consist of only one motif or of many.^[2]

Predecessors

Austrian consul Johann Georg von Hahn devised a preliminary analysis of some 44 tale "formulae" as introduction to his book of Greek and Albanian folktales, published in 1864.^[3]^[4]

Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould, in 1866, translated von Hahn's list and expanded to 52 tale types, which he called "Story Radicals".^[5]^[6] Folklorist Joseph Jacobs expanded the list to seventy tale types and published it as Appendix C in Charlotte Sophia Burne and Laurence Gomme's Handbook of Folk-Lore.^[7]

Before the edition of Antti Aarne's first folktale classification, Astrid Lunding translated Svend Grundtvig's system of folktale classification. This catalogue consisted of 134 types, mostly based on Danish folktale compilations in comparison to international collections available at the time by other folklorists, such as the Brothers Grimm's and Emmanuel Cosquin's.^[8]

History

Antti Aarne was a student of Julius Krohn and his son Kaarle Krohn. Aarne developed the historic-geographic method of comparative folkloristics, and developed the initial version of what became the Aarne–Thompson tale type index for classifying folktales, first published in 1910 as Verzeichnis der Märchentypen ("List of Fairy Tale Types").^[9] The system was based on identifying motifs and the repeated narrative ideas that can be seen as the building-blocks of traditional narrative; its scope was European.^[10]

The American folklorist Stith Thompson revised Aarne's classification system in 1928, enlarging its scope, while also translating it from German into English.^[11] In doing so, he created the "AT number system" (also referred to as "AaTh system") which remained in use through the second half of the century. Another edition with further revisions by Thompson followed in 1961. According to American folklorist D. L. Ashliman, "The Aarne–Thompson system catalogues some 2500 basic plots from which, for countless generations, European and Near Eastern storytellers have built their tales".^[12]

The AT-number system was updated and expanded in 2004 with the publication of The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther. Uther noted that many of the earlier descriptions were cursory and often imprecise, that many "irregular types" are in fact old and widespread, and that "emphasis on oral tradition" often obscured "older, written versions of the tale types". To remedy these shortcomings Uther developed the Aarne–Thompson–Uther classification (ATU) system and included more tales from eastern and southern Europe as well as "smaller narrative forms" in this expanded listing. He also put the emphasis of the collection more explicitly on international folktales, removing examples whose attestation was limited to one ethnic group.^[10]^[13]

System

The Aarne–Thompson Tale Type Index divides tales into sections with an AT number for each entry. The names given are typical, but usage varies; the same tale type number may be referred to by its central motif or by one of the variant folktales of that type, which can also vary, especially when used in different countries and cultures. The name does not have to be strictly literal for every folktale. For example, The Cat as Helper (545B) also includes tales where a fox helps the hero. Closely related folktales are often grouped within a type. For example, tale types 400–424 all feature brides or wives as the primary protagonist, for instance The Quest for a Lost Bride (400) or the Animal Bride (402). Subtypes within a tale type are designated by the addition of a letter to the AT number, for instance: tale 510, Persecuted Heroine (renamed in Uther's revision as Cinderella and Peau d'Âne ["Cinderella and Donkey Skin"]), has subtypes 510A, Cinderella, and 510B, Catskin (renamed in Uther's revision as Peau d'Asne [also "Donkey Skin"]). (See other examples of tale types in the online resource links at the end of this article.)

As an example, the entry for 510A in the ATU index (with cross-references to motifs in Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk Literature in square brackets, and variants in parentheses) reads:

510A Cinderella. (Cenerentola, Cendrillon, Aschenputtel.) A young woman is mistreated by her stepmother and stepsisters [S31, L55] and has to live in the ashes as a servant. When the sisters and the stepmother go to a ball (church), they give Cinderella an impossible task (e.g. sorting peas from ashes), which she accomplishes with the help of birds [B450]. She obtains beautiful clothing from a supernatural being [D1050.1, N815] or a tree that grows on the grave of her deceased mother [D815.1, D842.1, E323.2] and goes unknown to the ball. A prince falls in love with her [N711.6, N711.4], but she has to leave the ball early [C761.3]. The same thing happens on the next evening, but on the third evening, she loses one of her shoes [R221, F823.2].
The prince will marry only the woman whom the shoe fits [H36.1]. The stepsisters cut pieces off their feet in order to make them fit into the shoe [K1911.3.3.1], but a bird calls attention to this deceit. Cinderella, who had first been hidden from the prince, tries on the shoe and it fits her. The prince marries her.
Combinations: This type is usually combined with episodes of one or more other types, esp. 327A, 403, 480, 510B, and also 408, 409, 431, 450, 511, 511A, 707, and 923.

Remarks: Documented by Basile, Pentamerone (I,6) in the 17th century.

The entry concludes, like others in the catalogue, with a long list of references to secondary literature on the tale, and variants of it.^[14]

Critical response

In his essay "The Motif-Index and the Tale Type Index: A Critique", American folklorist Alan Dundes explains that the Aarne–Thompson indexes are some of the "most valuable tools in the professional folklorist's arsenal of aids for analysis".^[1]

The tale type index was criticized by Vladimir Propp of the Russian Formalist school of the 1920s for ignoring the functions of the motifs by which they are classified. Furthermore, Propp contended that using a "macro-level" analysis means that the stories that share motifs might not be classified together, while stories with wide divergences may be grouped under one tale type because the index must select some features as salient.^[15] He also observed that while the distinction between animal tales and tales of the fantastic was basically correct — no one would classify "Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf" as an animal tale just because of the wolf — it did raise questions because animal tales often contained fantastic elements, and tales of the fantastic often contained animals; indeed a tale could shift categories if a peasant deceived a bear rather than a devil.^[16]

In describing the motivation for his work,^[17] Uther presents several criticisms of the original index. He points out that Thompson's focus on oral tradition sometimes neglects older versions of stories, even when written records exist, that the distribution of stories is uneven (with Eastern and Southern European as well as many other regions' folktale types being under-represented), and that some included folktale types have dubious importance. Similarly, Thompson had noted that the tale type index might well be called The Types of the Folk-Tales of Europe, West Asia, and the Lands Settled by these Peoples.^[17] However, Alan Dundes notes that in spite of the flaws of tale type indexes (e. g., typos, redundancies, censorship, etc.; p. 198),^[1] "they represent the keystones for the comparative method in folkloristics, a method which despite postmodern naysayers ... continues to be the hallmark of international folkloristics" (p. 200).^[1]

Author Pete Jordi Wood claims that topics related to homosexuality have been excluded intentionally from the type index.^[18] Similarly, folklorist Joseph P. Goodwin states that Thompson omitted "much of the extensive body of sexual and 'obscene' material", and that - as of 1995 - "topics like homosexuality are still largely excluded from the type and motif indexes."^[19]

In regards to the geographical criticism, it has been said that the ATU folktype index seems to concentrate on Europe and North Africa,^[20] or overrepresent Eurasia^[a] and North America.^[22] The catalogue appears to ignore or underrepresent, for example, Central Asia, a region from where, some scholars propose, may emerge new folktale types, previously not contemplated by the original catalogue, such as Yuri Berezkin [ru]'s The Captive Khan and the Clever Daughter-in-Law (and variants)^[20] and The travelling girl and her helpful siblings,^[23] or Woman's Magical Horse, as named by researcher Veronica Muskheli of the University of Washington.^[24]

In regards to the typological classification, some folklorists and tale comparativists have acknowledged singular tale types that, due to their own characteristics, would merit their own type.^[b] However, such tales have not been listed in the international folktale system, yet they exist in regional or national classifications.^[25]

Use in folkloristics

A quantitative study, published by folklorist Sara Graça da Silva and anthropologist Jamshid J. Tehrani in 2016, tried to evaluate the time of emergence for the "Tales of Magic" (ATU 300–ATU 749), based on a phylogenetic model.^[26] They found four of them to belong to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stratum of magic tales:^[c]

ATU 328 The Boy Steals Ogre's Treasure (= Jack and the Beanstalk and Thirteen)
ATU 330 The Smith and the Devil (KHM 81a)
ATU 402 The Animal Bride (= The Three Feathers, KHM 63 and The Poor Miller's Boy and the Cat [de], KHM 106)
ATU 554 The Grateful Animals (= The White Snake, KHM 17 and The Queen Bee, KHM 62)

Ten more magic tales were found to be current throughout the Western branch of the Indo-European languages, comprising the main European language families derived from PIE (i. e. Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic and Celtic):

ATU 311 Rescue by Sister (= Fitcher's Bird, KHM 46)
ATU 332 Godfather Death (= KHM 44)
ATU 425C Beauty and the Beast
ATU 470 Friends in Life and Death^[27]^[28]
ATU 500 The Name of the Supernatural Helper (= Rumpelstiltskin, KHM 55)
ATU 505 The Grateful Dead
ATU 531 The Clever Horse (= Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful, KHM 126)
ATU 592 The Dance Among Thorns^[29]^[d]
ATU 650A Strong John (= Strong Hans, KHM 166)
ATU 675 The Lazy Boy^[31] (= Peruonto and Emelian the Fool)

List

Bear's Son Tale and Jean de l'Ours, analyses of tale-types 301 and 650A
Animal as Bridegroom, analysis of ATU 425 and related types
The Bird Lover, analysis of tale-type 432
The Spinning-Woman by the Spring, overview of type 480
Grateful dead (folklore), analysis of types 505-508
Calumniated Wife, an overview of ATU types 705-712
- The Three Golden Children, analysis of type ATU 707
Riddle-tales (ancient and medieval), an analysis of types 851, 851A and 927

Notes

"Stith Thompson himself not once indicated that the AT-Index works only for the Hindu-European ('from Ireland to India') cultural area. He assumed that the folklore of other areas would not be well integrated in the AT System."^[21]

On the other hand, some independent tale types have been called into question, even by Stith Thompson: "Confined, so far as now appears, to a very limited section of eastern Europe is the story of the hero called "I Don't Know." It is hard to tell whether this should be considered as a distinct tale type (Type 532), or merely as a variety of the Goldener story [Tale type 314]". Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-520-03537-2

The KHM indices refer to Grimms' Fairy Tales.

The original version of the "Dance Among the Thorns" tale-type comes from 15th century Europe, and features a monk who was forced to dance in a thorn bush, by a boy with a magic flute or fiddle. It reflected the anticlerical sentiment of many folk tales at the time, and implies that the monk deserves this punishment. Grimms' The Jew Among Thorns (KHM 110) is an example of this type of tale. An American version of this tale, told to folklorist Marie Campbell in 1958 in Kentucky, included this apology from the informant: "Seems like all the tales about Jews gives the Jews a bad name—greedy, grabbing for cash money, cheating their work hands out of their wages—I don't know what all. I never did know a Jew, never even met up with one."^[30]

References

Dundes, Alan (1997). "The Motif-Index and the Tale Type Index: A Critique". Journal of Folklore Research. 34 (3): 195–202. JSTOR 3814885.

Thompson (1977: 415).

Hahn, Johann Georg von. Griechische Und Albanesische Märchen. Erster Band. Leipzig: W. Englemann, 1864. pp. 43-61.

Jacobs, Joseph. European Folk and Fairy Tales. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons. 1916. pp. 215-216.

Baring-Gould, Sabine. "Appendix". In: Henderson, William. Notes On the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England And the Borders. London: Longmans, Green. 1866. pp. 300-311.

Jacobs, Joseph. European Folk and Fairy Tales. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons. 1916. p. 216.

Jacobs, Joseph. "Appendix C". In: Burne, Charlotte Sophia; Gomme, George Laurence. The handbook of folklore. London: Pub. for the Folk-lore Society by Sidgwich & Jackson. 1914. pp. 344-355.

Lunding, Astrid. "The System of Tales in the Folklore Collection of Copenhagen". In: Folklore Fellows Communications (FFC) nº 2. 1910. [1]

Antti Aarne, Verzeichnis der Märchentypen, FF Communications, 3 (Helsinki, 1910).

Uther, Hans-Jörg. 2004. The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography. Based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. FF Communications no. 284–286. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Three volumes. I: 7.

The Types of the Folk-Tale: A Classification and Bibliography. Antti Aarne's Verzeichnis der Märchentypen, translated and enlarged by Stith Thompson (Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1928).

Ashliman, D. L. 1987. A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne–Thompson Classification System. New York, Greenwood Press.

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales, Donald Haase, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. xxi.

Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folktale. Similarly, Alan Dundes points out that "Aarne’s mistake was not classifying tales on the basis of narrative plot rather than [on characters]" because "the same tale can be told with either animal or human characters" (197). "Introduction". Theory and History of Folklore. Ed. Anatoly Liberman. University of Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1984. p. ix.

Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, p. 5 f.

Uther, Hans-Jörg. "Classifying folktales: The Third Revision of the Aarne–Thompson Tale Type Index (FFC 184)". folklorefellow.fi.

Wareham, Jamie (2020-08-21). "Why This Charming Gay Fairytale Has Been Lost For 200 Years". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-08-22.

Goodwin, Joseph P. (1995). "If Ignorance Is Bliss, 'Tis Folly to Be Wise: What We Don't Know Can Hurt Us". Journal of Folklore Research. 32 (2): 155–164. JSTOR 3814371.

Berezkin, Yuri; Duvakin, Evgeny (June 2016). "The Captive Khan and the Clever Daughter-in-Law". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore. 64: 33–56. doi:10.7592/FEJF2016.64.khan.

Jason, Heda (January 1965). "Types of Jewish-Oriental Oral Tales". Fabula. 7 (Jahresband): 115–224. doi:10.1515/fabl.1965.7.1.115. S2CID 162323205.

Thuillard, Marc; Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc; d'Huy, Julien; Berezkin, Yuri (2018). "A Large-Scale Study of World Myths". Trames. 22 (4): A1–A44. doi:10.3176/tr.2018.4.06.

Berezkin, Yuri (2019). "The Travelling Girl and Her Helpful Siblings: An Unnoticed Boreal Tale and the ATU Index". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore. 75: 71–90. doi:10.7592/FEJF2019.75.berezkin.

Muskheli, Veronica (27 April 2013). The Fate of Magically Strong Heroines in Central Asian Folktales (PDF). REECAS NW 2013. From Symbolism to Security Politics, Literature and Imagery in Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia -The Nineteenth Annual Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies Northwest Conference.

Goldberg, Christine (1996). "The Blind Girl, a Misplaced Folktale". Western Folklore. 55 (3): 187–212. doi:10.2307/1500481. JSTOR 1500481.

Graça da Silva, Sara; Tehrani, Jamshid J. (January 2016). "Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales". Royal Society Open Science. The Royal Society. 3 (1): 150645. Bibcode:2016RSOS....350645D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150645. PMC 4736946. PMID 26909191.

Petschel, Günter (January 1971). ""Freunde in Leben und Tod" (AaTh 470)". Fabula. 12 (Jahresband): 111–167. doi:10.1515/fabl.1971.12.1.111. S2CID 161210849.

Kaasik, Mairi (2013). "A Mortal Visits the Other World – the Relativity of Time in Estonian Fairy Tales". Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics. 7 (2): 33–47.

Maarten Janssen. "Multilingual Folk Tale Database". Archived from the original on 2019-03-16. Retrieved 2020-01-12.

Haase, Donald (2007). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 786. ISBN 978-0-313-04947-7.

Bottigheimer, Ruth B. (1993). "Luckless, Witless, and Filthy-Footed: A Sociocultural Study and Publishing History Analysis of "The Lazy Boy"". The Journal of American Folklore. 106 (421): 259–284. doi:10.2307/541421. JSTOR 541421.

Bibliography

Antti Aarne. 1961. The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography, The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, Helsinki. ISBN 951-41-0132-4
Ashliman, D. L. 1987. A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne–Thompson Classification System. New York, Greenwood Press.
Azzolina, David S. 1987. Tale type- and motif-indexes: An annotated bibliography. New York, London: Garland.
Dundes, Alan (1997). "The Motif-Index and the Tale Type Index: A Critique". Journal of Folklore Research. 34 (3): 195–202. JSTOR 3814885.
Karsdorp, Folgert; van der Meulen, Marten; Meder, Theo; van den Bosch, Antal (2 January 2015). "MOMFER: A Search Engine of Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk Literature". Folklore. 126 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1080/0015587X.2015.1006954. S2CID 162278853.
Thompson, Stith. 1977. The Folktale. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Uther, Hans-Jörg. 2004. The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography. Based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. FF Communications no. 284–286. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Three volumes. ISBN 951-41-0955-4 (vol. 1), ISBN 951-41-0961-9 (vol. 2), ISBN 951-41-0963-5 (vol. 3.)

External links

German Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Verzeichnis der Märchentypen

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index.

D. L. Ashliman, "Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts"
Index – Schnellsuche Märchentyp AT (in German)
Kinnes, Tormod (2009). "The ATU System". AT Types of Folktales. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
A search tool for ATU numbers' geographic distribution
Folktale and Folk Motif Index, a list of folktales according to the ATU Index by the University of Missouri
Volksverhalenbank by Meertens Institute (in Dutch)
Names of the tale types according to the Enzyklopädie des Märchens (in German)

International collections:

Web Platform of Comparative Folk Narrative Research, with record of Georgian folktales classified according to the ATU index
Aarne-Thompson index to the Irish Folklore Commission online collection
Online Repository of the Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University
Folktales from the Setomaa region from the collection of Hendrik Prants (et) (In Estonian)
Analysis of the Kalmykian tale corpus", by B. B. Goryaeva (In Russian).
Digital collection of Norwegian Eventyr and Legends by the University of Oslo (In Norwegian)

v t e Folklore genres and types
Narrative	Animal tale Fable Fairytale Legend Myth Parable Personal narrative Urban legend
Oral tradition	Folk etymology False Joke Nursery rhyme Proverb Riddle Saying Word game
Folk belief	Folk religion Folk saint Ghostlore Legend tripping Mythology Old wives' tale Ritual Weather lore
Folk arts	Folk art Folk epic Folk dance Folk instrument Folk music Folk play Folk wrestling Foodways
Society	Cunning folk Fakelore Folk devil Folk healer Folk hero
See also	Folklore studies Morphology (folkloristics) Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index Motif-Index of Folk-Literature Storytelling Tradition Story Vernacular

Categories:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_fiction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_writing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur

An avocation is an activity that someone engages in as a hobby outside their main occupation. There are many examples of people whose professions were the ways that they made their livings, but for whom their activities outside their workplaces were their true passions in life.^[1]^[2] Occasionally, as with Lord Baden-Powell and others, people who pursue an avocation are more remembered by history for their avocation than for their professional career.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amateur_mathematicians

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_professionalism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gild

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_country

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_story

The Violet Fairy Book (1906)

The first collectors to attempt to preserve not only the plot and characters of the tale, but also the style in which they were told, was the Brothers Grimm, collecting German fairy tales; ironically, this meant although their first edition (1812 & 1815)^[40] remains a treasure for folklorists, they rewrote the tales in later editions to make them more acceptable, which ensured their sales and the later popularity of their work.^[54]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

Cutlery for children. Detail showing fairy-tale scenes: Snow White, Little Red Riding Hood, Hansel and Gretel.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

Many fairy tales feature an absentee mother, as an example Beauty and the Beast, The Little Mermaid, Little Red Riding Hood and Donkeyskin, where the mother is deceased or absent and unable to help the heroines. Mothers are depicted as absent or wicked in the most popular contemporary versions of tales like Rapunzel, Snow White, Cinderella and Hansel and Gretel, however, some lesser known tales or variants such as those found in volumes edited by Angela Carter and Jane Yolen depict mothers in a more positive light.^[95]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale}

Carter's protagonist in The Bloody Chamber is an impoverished piano student married to a Marquis who was much older than herself to "banish the spectre of poverty". The story is a variant on Bluebeard, a tale about a wealthy man who murders numerous young women. Carter's protagonist, who is unnamed, describes her mother as "eagle-featured" and "indomitable". Her mother is depicted as a woman who is prepared for violence, instead of hiding from it or sacrificing herself to it. The protagonist recalls how her mother kept an "antique service revolver" and once "shot a man-eating tiger with her own hand."^[95]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale}

John Bauer's illustration of trolls and a princess from a collection of Swedish fairy tales

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

Beauty and the Beast, illustration by Warwick Goble

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

Father Frost acts as a donor in the Russian fairy tale Father Frost, testing the heroine before bestowing riches upon her

Vladimir Propp specifically studied a collection of Russian fairy tales, but his analysis has been found useful for the tales of other countries.^[118] Having criticized Aarne-Thompson type analysis for ignoring what motifs did in stories, and because the motifs used were not clearly distinct,^[119] he analyzed the tales for the function each character and action fulfilled and concluded that a tale was composed of thirty-one elements ('functions') and seven characters or 'spheres of action' ('the princess and her father' are a single sphere). While the elements were not all required for all tales, when they appeared they did so in an invariant order – except that each individual element might be negated twice, so that it would appear three times, as when, in Brother and Sister, the brother resists drinking from enchanted streams twice, so that it is the third that enchants him.^[120] Propp's 31 functions also fall within six 'stages' (preparation, complication, transference, struggle, return, recognition), and a stage can also be repeated, which can affect the perceived order of elements.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

Many fairy tales have been interpreted for their (purported) significance. One mythological interpretation saw many fairy tales, including Hansel and Gretel, Sleeping Beauty, and The Frog King, as solar myths; this mode of interpretation subsequently became rather less popular.^[125] Freudian, Jungian, and other psychological analyses have also explicated many tales, but no mode of interpretation has established itself definitively.^[126]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

Ballet, too, is fertile ground for bringing fairy tales to life. Igor Stravinsky's first ballet, The Firebird uses elements from various classic Russian tales in that work.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

Africa

Hans Stumme, scholar and collector of North African folklore (1864–1936)
Goldberg, Christine (2010). "The Forgotten Bride". Marvels & Tales. 24 (2): 345–347. JSTOR 41388963. Gale A241862735 Project MUSE 402467 ProQuest 763256457.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Collections_of_fairy_tales

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tales

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero%27s_journey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Tales_(Cummings_book)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fantasy_genres

Fairytale
Poster
Directed by	Alexander Sokurov
Written by	Alexander Sokurov
Produced by	Nikolay Yankin
Music by	Murat Kabardokov
Production company	Intonations
Release date	6 August 2022 (Locarno)
Running time	78 minutes
Countries	Russia Belgium
Languages	Georgian German Italian English French

Fairytale (Russian: Сказка, romanized: Skazka) is a 2022 experimental animated fantasy film directed by Alexander Sokurov. It depicts conversations in purgatory among Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill, using archival footage, and also features Jesus and Napoleon.^[1]^[2]^[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairytale_(film)

FairyTale: A True Story
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Charles Sturridge
Screenplay by	Ernie Contreras
Story by	Albert Ash Tom McLoughlin Ernie Contreras
Produced by	Bruce Davey Wendy Finerman
Starring	Florence Hoath Elizabeth Earl Paul McGann Phoebe Nicholls Harvey Keitel Peter O'Toole
Cinematography	Michael Coulter
Edited by	Peter Coulson
Music by	Zbigniew Preisner
Production companies	Icon Productions Icon Entertainment International Wendy Finerman Productions Anna K. Production C.V.^[1]
Distributed by	Paramount Pictures (United States) Warner Bros. (International)^[2]^[3]
Release date	24 October 1997 (United States)
Running time	99 minutes
Countries	United States France
Language	English
Box office	$18 million

FairyTale: A True Story is a 1997 fantasy drama film directed by Charles Sturridge and produced by Bruce Davey and Wendy Finerman. It is loosely based on the story of the Cottingley Fairies, and follows two children in 1917 England who take a photograph soon believed to be the first scientific evidence of the existence of fairies. The film was produced by Icon Productions and was distributed by Paramount Pictures in the United States and by Warner Bros. internationally.^[2]^[3]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairyTale:_A_True_Story}

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Look up fairy tale in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A fairy tale is a story featuring folkloric characters.

Fairy Tale(s), Faerie Tale(s), Faery Tale(s),or Fairytale(s) may also refer to:

Films

Fairytale (film), a 2022 experimental film
Fairy Tales (film), a 1978 sex comedy
FairyTale: A True Story, a 1997 film based on the story of the Cottingley Fairies

Games

Fairy Tale (game), a card game
A Fairy Tale (video game), a 2009 puzzle video game created by Reflexive Entertainment
The Faery Tale Adventure, a 1987 adventure video game

Literature

Faerie Tale, a 1988 fantasy novel by Raymond E. Feist
Fairy Tales (Cummings book), a book of fairy tales by e.e. cummings
Fairy Tales (Jones book), a book of children's stories by Terry Jones
Fairy Tale (novel), a 2022 novel by Stephen King
Fairytale fantasy, a subgenre of fantasy that uses of folklore motifs and plots
Several collections of fairy tales with distinguished illustrations by John Dickson Batten, published by Joseph Jacobs

Music

Fairy Tale (Suk), an orchestral suite by Josef Suk

Albums

Fairy Tale (Mai Kuraki album), or the title song
Fairy Tale (Michael Wong album), or the title song
Fairy Tales (Divine album), 1998
Fairy Tales (Mother Gong album), 1979
Fairy Tales, a 2014 album by Futurecop!
Fairytale (album), a 1965 album by Donovan
Fairytales (Alexander Rybak album), or the title song (see below)
Fairytales (Desirée Sparre-Enger album), or the title song

Songs

"Fairy Tale", by Shaman from Ritual
"Fairy Tale", by Loona 1/3 from Love & Live
"Fairy Tales" (Anita Baker song), 1991
"Fairytale" (Kalafina song)
"Fairytale" (Pointer Sisters song), 1974
"Fairytale" (Alexander Rybak song), the winning entry of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
"Fairytale" (Eneda Tarifa song), the Albanian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016
"Fairytale", by Sonata Arctica from The Ninth Hour
"Fairytale", by Sara Bareilles from Careful Confessions and Little Voice
"Fairytale", a 1976 single by Dana
"Fairytale", by Edguy from Vain Glory Opera, 1998
"Fairytale", by Enya from Enya
"Fairytale", by Heavenly from Coming from the Sky
"Fairytale", by Justin Bieber featuring Jaden Smith from Believe, 2012
"Fairytales" (2 Brothers on the 4th Floor song), 1996

Television

Fairy Tale (TV series), a Canadian LGBT dating show
Fairy Tales (TV series), a 2008 British drama anthology series
"Fairy Tale", the 12th episode in season 2 of the Disney Channel sitcom Wizards of Waverly Place
"Fairytale" (The Crown), an episode of The Crown
JJ Villard's Fairy Tales, an adult animated television series

Other uses

A Fairy Tale (ballet), a ballet by Marius Petipa and Richter
Fairy Tale (color), a shade of pink

Lolita
First edition cover
Author	Vladimir Nabokov
Country	France
Language	English
Genre	Novel
Publisher	Olympia Press
Publication date	1955
Pages	336 112,473 words^[1]

Harm avoidance
Specialty	Psychiatry

Versions

Originally developed in English, TCI has been translated to other languages, e.g., Swedish,^[6] Japanese, Dutch, German, Polish, Korean,^[7] Finnish, Chinese and French. There is also a revised version TCI-R. Whereas the original TCI had statements for which the subject should indicate true or false, the TCI-R has a five-point rating for each statement. The two versions hold 189 of the 240 statements in common. The revised version has been translated into Spanish,^[8] French,^[9] Czech,^[10] and Italian.^[11]

The number of subscales on the different top level traits differ between TCI and TCI-R. The subscales of the TCI-R are:

Novelty seeking (NS)
1. Exploratory excitability (NS1)
2. Impulsiveness (NS2)
3. Extravagance (NS3)
4. Disorderliness (NS4)
Harm avoidance (HA)
1. Anticipatory worry (HA1)
2. Fear of uncertainty (HA2)
3. Shyness (HA3)
4. Fatigability (HA4)
Reward dependence (RD)
1. Sentimentality (RD1)
2. Openness to warm communication (RD2)
3. Attachment (RD3)
4. Dependence (RD4)
Persistence (PS)
1. Eagerness of effort (PS1)
2. Work hardened (PS2)
3. Ambitious (PS3)
4. Perfectionist (PS4)
Self-directedness (SD)
1. Responsibility (SD1)
2. Purposeful (SD2)
3. Resourcefulness (SD3)
4. Self-acceptance (SD4)
5. Enlightened second nature (SD5)
Cooperativeness (C)
1. Social acceptance (C1)
2. Empathy (C2)
3. Helpfulness (C3)
4. Compassion (C4)
5. Pure-hearted conscience (C5)
Self-transcendence (ST)
1. Self-forgetful (ST1)
2. Transpersonal identification (ST2)
3. Spiritual acceptance (ST3)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament_and_Character_Inventory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mask

Relationship to other personality models

Cloninger argued that the Five Factor model does not assess domains of personality relevant to personality disorders such as autonomy, moral values, and aspects of maturity and self-actualization considered in humanistic and transpersonal psychology. Cloninger argued that these domains are captured by self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence respectively.^[5] He also argued that personality factors defined as independent by factor analysis, such as neuroticism and introversion, may actually share underlying etiological factors.

Research has found that all of the TCI dimensions are each related substantially to at least one of the dimensions in the Five Factor Model,^[3] Eysenck's model, Zuckerman's alternative five:

Harm avoidance is strongly positively associated with neuroticism and inversely associated with extraversion.
Novelty seeking is most strongly associated with extraversion, although it also has a moderate positive association with openness to experience and a moderate negative association with conscientiousness.
Persistence has a positive association with conscientiousness.
Reward dependence is most strongly associated with extraversion, although it also has a moderate positive association with openness to experience.
Cooperativeness is most strongly associated with agreeableness.
Self-directedness has a strong negative association with neuroticism and a positive association with conscientiousness.
Self-transcendence had a positive association with openness to experience and to a lesser extent extraversion.
Relationships have also been found between the TCI dimensions and traits specific to the models of Zuckerman and Eysenck respectively.^[3]
Novelty seeking is related to Impulsive sensation seeking in Zuckerman's alternative five model and to psychoticism in Eysenck's model.
Zuckerman and Cloninger have contended that Harm Avoidance is a composite dimension comprising neurotic introversion at one end and stable extraversion at the other end.
Persistence is related to Zuckerman's Activity scale and inversely to psychoticism.
Cooperativeness is inversely related to Zuckerman's Aggression-hostility scale and to psychoticism.
Self-transcendence has no equivalent in either Zuckerman or Eysenck's model as neither model recognises openness to experience.^[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament_and_Character_Inventory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_NEO_Personality_Inventory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreeableness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientiousness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

Neuroticism has been included as one of the four dimensions that comprise core self-evaluations, one's fundamental appraisal of oneself, along with locus of control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem.^[17] The concept of core self-evaluations was first examined by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997),^[17] and since then evidence has been found to suggest these have the ability to predict several work outcomes, specifically, job satisfaction and job performance.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

Internal consistency reliability of the International English Mini-Markers for the Neuroticism (emotional stability) measure for native English-speakers is reported as 0.84, and that for non-nati

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

There is a risk of selection bias in surveys of neuroticism; a 2012 review of N-scores said that "many studies used samples drawn from privileged and educated populations".^[6]

Neuroticism is highly correlated with the startle reflex in response to fearful conditions and inversely correlated with it in response to disgusting or repulsive stimuli.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_biopsychological_theory_of_personality

Thompson (2008)^[1] systematically revised these measures to develop the International English Mini-Markers which has superior validity and reliability in populations both within and outside North America. Internal consistency reliability of the International English Mini-Markers for the Neuroticism (emotional stability) measure for native English-speakers is reported as 0.84, and that for non-native English-speakers is 0.77.^[1]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism}

Questions used in many neuroticism scales overlap with instruments used to assess mental disorders like anxiety disorders (especially social anxiety disorder) and mood disorders (especially major depressive disorder), which can sometimes confound efforts to interpret N scores and makes it difficult to determine whether each of neuroticism and the overlapping mental disorders might cause the other, or if both might stem from other cause. Correlations can be identified.^[6]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

The authors interpret these findings as suggesting that mental noise is "highly specific in nature" as it is related most strongly to attention slips triggered endogenously by associative memory. In other words, this may suggest that mental noise is mostly task-irrelevant cognitions such as worries and preoccupations.^[30]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism}

Terror management theory

According to terror management theory (TMT) neuroticism is primarily caused by insufficient anxiety buffers against unconscious death anxiety.^[34] These buffers consist of:

Cultural worldviews that impart life with a sense of enduring meaning, such as social continuity beyond one's death, future legacy and afterlife beliefs.
A sense of personal value, or the self-esteem in the cultural worldview context, an enduring sense of meaning.

While TMT agrees with standard evolutionary psychology accounts that the roots of neuroticism in Homo sapiens or its ancestors are likely in adaptive sensitivities to negative outcomes, it posits that once Homo sapiens achieved a higher level of self-awareness, neuroticism increased enormously, becoming largely a spandrel, a non-adaptive byproduct of our adaptive intelligence, which resulted in a crippling awareness of death that threatened to undermine other adaptive functions. This overblown anxiety thus needed to be buffered via intelligently creative, but largely fictitious and arbitrary notions of cultural meaning and personal value. Since highly religious or supernatural conceptions of the world provide "cosmic" personal significance and literal immortality, they are deemed to offer the most efficient buffers against death anxiety and neuroticism. Thus, historically, the shift to more materialistic and secular cultures—starting in the neolithic, and culminating in the industrial revolution—is deemed to have increased neuroticism.^[34]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

In children and adolescents, psychologists speak of temperamental negative affectivity that, during adolescence, develops into the neuroticism personality domain.^[26] Mean neuroticism levels change throughout the lifespan as a function of personality maturation and social roles,^[36]^[37] but also the expression of new genes.^[38] Neuroticism in particular was found to decrease as a result of maturity by decreasing through age 40 and then leveling off.^[26] Generally speaking, the influence of environments on neuroticism increases over the lifespan,^[38] although people probably select and evoke experiences based on their neuroticism levels.^[27]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

Due to the facets associated with neuroticism, it can be viewed as a negative personality trait. A common perception of the personality trait most closely associated with risky behaviors is extraversion, due to the correlated adjectives such as adventurous, enthusiastic, and outgoing.^[50]These adjectives allow the individual to feel the positive emotions associated with risk-taking. However, neuroticism can also be a contributing factor, just for different reasons. As anxiety is one of the facets of neuroticism, it can lead to indulgence in anxiety-based maladaptive and risky behaviors. ^[51]Neuroticism is considerably stable over time, and research has shown that individuals with higher levels of neuroticism may prefer short-term solutions, such as risky behaviors, and neglect the long-term costs. ^[52]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

v t e Emotions (list)
Emotions	Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Empathy Emptiness Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love limerence at first sight Lust Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity self-pity Pleasure Pride grandiosity hubris insult vanity Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Social connection Sorrow Spite Stress chronic Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust Wonder sense of wonder Worry
Worldviews	Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz
Related	Affect consciousness in education measures in psychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appeal to emotion Amygdala hijack Emotion and art and memory and music and sex and sleep classification evolution expressed functional accounts group homeostatic in animals perception recognition in conversation regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression and gender intelligence and bullying Empathy quotient intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security symbiosis Emotional thought method well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions and culture history in decision-making in the workplace in virtual communication moral self-conscious social social sharing sociology Feeling Group affective tone Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems Jealousy in art Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Social emotional development Stoic passions Theory affect appraisal constructed emotion discrete emotion somatic marker
Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages

Mental disorders (Classification)

Adult personality and behavior

Childhood and learning

Mood (affective)

Neurological and symptomatic

Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform

Physiological and physical behavior

Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related

Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional

Categories:

Big Five personality traits
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Other personality models

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism

Nightmare disorder

The Nightmare, by Johann Heinrich Füssli
Specialty	Psychiatry
Frequency	c. 4%^[1]

Nightmare disorder is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated intense nightmares that most often center on threats to physical safety and security.^[2] The nightmares usually occur during the REM stage of sleep, and the person who experiences the nightmares typically remembers them well upon waking.^[2] More specifically, nightmare disorder is a type of parasomnia, a subset of sleep disorders categorized by abnormal movement or behavior or verbal actions during sleep or shortly before or after. Other parasomnias include sleepwalking, sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleep paralysis.^[3]

Nightmare disorders can be confused with sleep terror disorders.^[4] The difference is that after a sleep terror episode, the patient wakes up with more dramatic symptoms than with a nightmare disorder, such as screaming and crying.^[4] Furthermore, they don't remember the reason of the fear, while a patient with a nightmare disorder remembers every detail of the dream.^[4] Finally, the sleep terrors usually occur during NREM Sleep.^[5]^[6]

Nightmares also have to be distinguished from bad dreams, which are less emotionally intense.^[7] Furthermore, nightmares contain more scenes of aggression than bad dreams and more unhappy endings.^[7] Finally, people experiencing nightmares feel more fear than with bad dreams.^[7]

The treatment depends on whether or not there is a comorbid PTSD diagnosis.^[1] About 4% of American adults are affected.^[1] Studies examining nightmare disorders have found that the prevalence rates range from 2-6% with the prevalence being similar in the USA, Canada, France, Iceland, Sweden, Belgium, Finland, Austria, Japan, and the Middle East.^[8]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare_disorder}

Parasomnia
Specialty	Sleep medicine, psychology

Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep. Parasomnias are dissociated sleep states which are partial arousals during the transitions between wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep, and their combinations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia

The newest version of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD, 3rd. Ed.) uses State Dissociation as the paradigm for parasomnias.^[1]^[2] Unlike before, where wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were considered exclusive states, research has shown that combinations of these states are possible and thus, may result in unusual unstable states that could eventually manifest as parasomnias or as altered levels of awareness.^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Although the previous definition is technically correct, it contains flaws. The consideration of the State Dissociation paradigm facilitates the understanding of the sleep disorder and provides a classification of 10 core categories.^[1]^[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia

Some NREM parasomnias (sleep-walking, night-terrors, and confusional arousal) are common during childhood but decrease in frequency with increasing age. They can be triggered in certain individuals, by alcohol, sleep deprivation, physical activity, emotional stress, depression, medications, or a fevered illness. These disorders of arousal can range from confusional arousals, somnambulism, to night terrors. Other specific disorders include sleepeating, sleep sex, teeth grinding, rhythmic movement disorder, restless legs syndrome, and somniloquy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia

Nightmares are like dreams primarily associated with REM sleep. Nightmare disorder is defined as recurrent nightmares associated with awakening dysphoria that impairs sleep or daytime functioning.^[1]^[2] It is rare in children, however persists until adulthood.^[11]^[33] About 2/3 of the adult population report experiencing nightmares at least once in their life.^[11]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia

Night terror, also called sleep terror, is a sleep disorder causing feelings of panic or dread and typically occurring during the first hours of stage 3–4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep^[1] and lasting for 1 to 10 minutes.^[2] It can last longer, especially in children.^[2] Sleep terror is classified in the category of NREM-related parasomnias in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders.^[3] There are two other categories: REM-related parasomnias and other parasomnias.^[3] Parasomnias are qualified as undesirable physical events or experiences that occur during entry into sleep, during sleep, or during arousal from sleep.^[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_terror

Sleep-related hallucinations are brief episodes of dream-like imagery that can be of any sensory modality, i.e., auditory, visual, or tactile.^[2] They are differentiated between hypnagogic hallucination, that occur at sleep onset, and hypnapompic hallucinations, which occur at the transition of sleep to awakening.^[2] Although normal individuals have reported nocturnal hallucinations, they are more frequent in comorbidity with other sleep disorders, e.g. narcolepsy.^[1]^[2]^[37]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Hypnopompic)

Hypnopompia (also known as hypnopompic state) is the state of consciousness leading out of sleep, a term coined by the psychical researcher Frederic Myers. Its mirror is the hypnagogic state at sleep onset; though often conflated, the two states are not identical and have a different phenomenological character. Hypnopompic and hypnagogic hallucinations are frequently accompanied by sleep paralysis, which is a state wherein one is consciously aware of one's surroundings but unable to move or speak.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnopompia

Hypersomnia
Other names	Hypersomnolence
Specialty	Psychiatry, neurology, sleep medicine

Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)
Specialty	Psychiatry

Insomnia
Other names	Sleeplessness, trouble sleeping

Depiction of insomnia from the 14th century medical manuscript Tacuinum Sanitatis
Pronunciation	/ɪnˈsɒmniə/^[1]
Specialty	Psychiatry, sleep medicine
Symptoms	Trouble sleeping, daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, depressed mood^[1]
Complications	Motor vehicle collisions^[1]
Causes	Unknown, psychological stress, chronic pain, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, others^[2]
Diagnostic method	Based on symptoms, sleep study^[3]
Differential diagnosis	Delayed sleep phase disorder, restless leg syndrome, sleep apnea, psychiatric disorder^[4]
Treatment	Sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy, sleeping pills^[5]^[6]^[7]
Frequency	~20%^[8]^[9]^[10]

Origin and usage

The Oxford English Dictionary defines conspiracy theory as "the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; spec. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event." It cites a 1909 article in The American Historical Review as the earliest usage example,^[45]^[46] although it also appeared in print for several decades before.^[47]

The earliest known usage was by the American author Charles Astor Bristed, in a letter to the editor published in The New York Times on January 11, 1863.^[48] He used it to refer to claims that British aristocrats were intentionally weakening the United States during the American Civil War in order to advance their financial interests.

England has had quite enough to do in Europe and Asia, without going out of her way to meddle with America. It was a physical and moral impossibility that she could be carrying on a gigantic conspiracy against us. But our masses, having only a rough general knowledge of foreign affairs, and not unnaturally somewhat exaggerating the space which we occupy in the world's eye, do not appreciate the complications which rendered such a conspiracy impossible. They only look at the sudden right-about-face movement of the English Press and public, which is most readily accounted for on the conspiracy theory.^[48]

The word "conspiracy" derives from the Latin con- ("with, together") and spirare ("to breathe").

Robert Blaskiewicz comments that examples of the term were used as early as the nineteenth century and states that its usage has always been derogatory.^[49] According to a study by Andrew McKenzie-McHarg, in contrast, in the nineteenth century the term conspiracy theory simply "suggests a plausible postulate of a conspiracy" and "did not, at this stage, carry any connotations, either negative or positive", though sometimes a postulate so-labeled was criticized.^[50]

The Warren Report

The term "conspiracy theory" is itself the subject of a conspiracy theory, which posits that the term was popularized by the CIA in order to discredit conspiratorial believers, particularly critics of the Warren Commission, by making them a target of ridicule.^[51] In his 2013 book Conspiracy Theory in America, political scientist Lance deHaven-Smith wrote that the term entered everyday language in the United States after 1964, the year in which the Warren Commission published its findings on the Kennedy assassination, with The New York Times running five stories that year using the term.^[52]

The idea that the CIA was responsible for popularising the term “conspiracy theory” was analyzed by Michael Butter, a Professor of American Literary and Cultural History at the University of Tübingen. Butter wrote in 2020 that the CIA document, Concerning Criticism of the Warren Report, which proponents of the theory use as evidence of CIA motive and intention, does not contain the phrase "conspiracy theory" in the singular, and only uses the term "conspiracy theories" once, in the sentence: "Conspiracy theories have frequently thrown suspicion on our organisation [sic], for example, by falsely alleging that Lee Harvey Oswald worked for us."^[53]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory}

A conspiracy theory can be local or international, focused on single events or covering multiple incidents and entire countries, regions and periods of history.^[10] According to Russell Muirhead and Nancy Rosenblum, historically, traditional conspiracism has entailed a "theory", but over time, "conspiracy" and "theory" have become decoupled, as modern conspiracism is often without any kind of theory behind it.^[66]^[67]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Walker's five kinds

Jesse Walker (2013) has identified five kinds of conspiracy theories:^[68]

The "Enemy Outside" refers to theories based on figures alleged to be scheming against a community from without.
The "Enemy Within" finds the conspirators lurking inside the nation, indistinguishable from ordinary citizens.
The "Enemy Above" involves powerful people manipulating events for their own gain.
The "Enemy Below" features the lower classes working to overturn the social order.
The "Benevolent Conspiracies" are angelic forces that work behind the scenes to improve the world and help people.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Murray Rothbard argues in favor of a model that contrasts "deep" conspiracy theories to "shallow" ones. According to Rothbard, a "shallow" theorist observes an event and asks Cui bono? ("Who benefits?"), jumping to the conclusion that a posited beneficiary is responsible for covertly influencing events. On the other hand, the "deep" conspiracy theorist begins with a hunch and then seeks out evidence. Rothbard describes this latter activity as a matter of confirming with certain facts one's initial paranoia.^[70]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Lack of evidence

Belief in conspiracy theories is generally based not on evidence, but in the faith of the believer.^[71] Noam Chomsky contrasts conspiracy theory to institutional analysis which focuses mostly on the public, long-term behavior of publicly known institutions, as recorded in, for example, scholarly documents or mainstream media reports.^[72] Conspiracy theory conversely posits the existence of secretive coalitions of individuals and speculates on their alleged activities.^[73]^[74] Belief in conspiracy theories is associated with biases in reasoning, such as the conjunction fallacy.^[75]

Clare Birchall at King's College London describes conspiracy theory as a "form of popular knowledge or interpretation".^[a] The use of the word 'knowledge' here suggests ways in which conspiracy theory may be considered in relation to legitimate modes of knowing.^[b] The relationship between legitimate and illegitimate knowledge, Birchall claims, is closer than common dismissals of conspiracy theory contend.^[77]

Theories involving multiple conspirators that are proven to be correct, such as the Watergate scandal, are usually referred to as investigative journalism or historical analysis rather than conspiracy theory.^[78] By contrast, the term "Watergate conspiracy theory" is used to refer to a variety of hypotheses in which those convicted in the conspiracy were in fact the victims of a deeper conspiracy.^[79] There are also attempts to analyze the theory of conspiracy theories (conspiracy theory theory) to ensure that the term "conspiracy theory" is used to refer to narratives that have been debunked by experts, rather than as a generalized dismissal.^[80]

Rhetoric

Conspiracy theory rhetoric exploits several important cognitive biases, including proportionality bias, attribution bias, and confirmation bias.^[27] Their arguments often take the form of asking reasonable questions, but without providing an answer based on strong evidence.^[81] Conspiracy theories are most successful when proponents can gather followers from the general public, such as in politics, religion and journalism. These proponents may not necessarily believe the conspiracy theory; instead, they may just use it in an attempt to gain public approval. Conspiratorial claims can act as a successful rhetorical strategy to convince a portion of the public via appeal to emotion.^[23]

Conspiracy theories typically justify themselves by focusing on gaps or ambiguities in knowledge, and then arguing that the true explanation for this must be a conspiracy.^[54] In contrast, any evidence that directly supports their claims is generally of low quality. For example, conspiracy theories are often dependent on eyewitness testimony, despite its unreliability, while disregarding objective analyses of the evidence.^[54]

Conspiracy theories are not able to be falsified and are reinforced by fallacious arguments. In particular, the logical fallacy circular reasoning is used by conspiracy theorists: both evidence against the conspiracy and an absence of evidence for it are re-interpreted as evidence of its truth,^[8]^[12] whereby the conspiracy becomes a matter of faith rather than something that can be proved or disproved.^[1]^[13] The epistemic strategy of conspiracy theories has been called "cascade logic": each time new evidence becomes available, a conspiracy theory is able to dismiss it by claiming that even more people must be part of the cover-up.^[23]^[54] Any information that contradicts the conspiracy theory is suggested to be disinformation by the alleged conspiracy.^[36] Similarly, the continued lack of evidence directly supporting conspiracist claims is portrayed as confirming the existence of a conspiracy of silence; the fact that other people have not found or exposed any conspiracy is taken as evidence that those people are part of the plot, rather than considering that it may be because no conspiracy exists.^[27]^[54] This strategy lets conspiracy theories insulate themselves from neutral analyses of the evidence, and makes them resistant to questioning or correction, which is called "epistemic self-insulation".^[27]^[54]

Cartoon about false balance in journalism, Skeptical Science (John Cook)

Conspiracy theorists often take advantage of false balance in the media. They may claim to be presenting a legitimate alternative viewpoint that deserves equal time to argue its case; for example, this strategy has been used by the Teach the Controversy campaign to promote intelligent design, which often claims that there is a conspiracy of scientists suppressing their views. If they successfully find a platform to present their views in a debate format, they focus on using rhetorical ad hominems and attacking perceived flaws in the mainstream account, while avoiding any discussion of the shortcomings in their own position.^[23]

The typical approach of conspiracy theories is to challenge any action or statement from authorities, using even the most tenuous justifications. Responses are then assessed using a double standard, where failing to provide an immediate response to the satisfaction of the conspiracy theorist will be claimed to prove a conspiracy. Any minor errors in the response are heavily emphasized, while deficiencies in the arguments of other proponents are generally excused.^[23]

In science, conspiracists may suggest that a scientific theory can be disproven by a single perceived deficiency, even though such events are extremely rare. In addition, both disregarding the claims and attempting to address them will be interpreted as proof of a conspiracy.^[23] Other conspiracist arguments may not be scientific; for example, in response to the IPCC Second Assessment Report in 1996, much of the opposition centered on promoting a procedural objection to the report's creation. Specifically, it was claimed that part of the procedure reflected a conspiracy to silence dissenters, which served as motivation for opponents of the report and successfully redirected a significant amount of the public discussion away from the science.^[23]

Consequences

Third Reich Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda poster entitled Das jüdische Komplott ("The Jewish Conspiracy")

Historically, conspiracy theories have been closely linked to prejudice, witch hunts, wars, and genocides.^[22]^[23] They are often strongly believed by the perpetrators of terrorist attacks, and were used as justification by Timothy McVeigh, Anders Breivik and Brenton Tarrant, as well as by governments such as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.^[22] AIDS denialism by the government of South Africa, motivated by conspiracy theories, caused an estimated 330,000 deaths from AIDS,^[27]^[28]^[29] while belief in conspiracy theories about genetically modified foods led the government of Zambia to reject food aid during a famine,^[23] at a time when 3 million people in the country were suffering from hunger.^[33]

Conspiracy theories are a significant obstacle to improvements in public health.^[23]^[34] People who believe in health-related conspiracy theories are less likely to follow medical advice, and more likely to use alternative medicine instead.^[22] Conspiratorial anti-vaccination beliefs, such as conspiracy theories about pharmaceutical companies, can result in reduced vaccination rates and have been linked to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.^[27]^[23]^[35]^[34] Health-related conspiracy theories often inspire resistance to water fluoridation, and contributed to the impact of the Lancet MMR autism fraud.^[23]^[34]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

The primary defense against conspiracy theories is to maintain an open society, in which many sources of reliable information are available, and government sources are known to be credible rather than propaganda. Additionally, independent nongovernmental organizations are able to correct misinformation without requiring people to trust the government.^[43] Other approaches to reduce the appeal of conspiracy theories in general among the public may be based in the emotional and social nature of conspiratorial beliefs. For example, interventions that promote analytical thinking in the general public are likely to be effective. Another approach is to intervene in ways that decrease negative emotions, and specifically to improve feelings of personal hope and empowerment.^[42]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Joseph Pierre has also noted that mistrust in authoritative institutions is the core component underlying many conspiracy theories and that this mistrust creates an epistemic vacuum and makes individuals searching for answers vulnerable to misinformation. Therefore, one possible solution is offering consumers a seat at the table to mend their mistrust in institutions.^[86] Regarding the challenges of this approach, Pierre has said, "The challenge with acknowledging areas of uncertainty within a public sphere is that doing so can be weaponized to reinforce a post-truth view of the world in which everything is debatable, and any counter-position is just as valid. Although I like to think of myself as a middle of the road kind of individual, it is important to keep in mind that the truth does not always lie in the middle of a debate, whether we are talking about climate change, vaccines, or antipsychotic medications."^[87]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

It has been suggested that directly countering misinformation can be counterproductive. For example, since conspiracy theories can reinterpret disconfirming information as part of their narrative, refuting a claim can result in accidentally reinforcing it.^[54]^[88] In addition, publishing criticism of conspiracy theories can result in legitimizing them.^[83] In this context, possible interventions include carefully selecting which conspiracy theories to refute, requesting additional analyses from independent observers, and introducing cognitive diversity into conspiratorial communities by undermining their poor epistemology.^[83] Any legitimization effect might also be reduced by responding to more conspiracy theories rather than fewer.^[43]

However, presenting people with factual corrections, or highlighting the logical contradictions in conspiracy theories, has been demonstrated to have a positive effect in many circumstances.^[42]^[88] For example, this has been studied in the case of informing believers in 9/11 conspiracy theories about statements by actual experts and witnesses.^[42] One possibility is that criticism is most likely to backfire if it challenges someone's worldview or identity. This suggests that an effective approach may be to provide criticism while avoiding such challenges.^[88]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory}

This is additionally supported by the fact that conspiracy theories have a number of disadvantageous attributes.^[36] For example, they promote a negative and distrustful view of other people and groups, who are allegedly acting based on antisocial and cynical motivations. This is expected to lead to increased alienation and anomie, and reduced social capital. Similarly, they depict the public as ignorant and powerless against the alleged conspirators, with important aspects of society determined by malevolent forces, a viewpoint which is likely to be disempowering.^[36]

Each person may endorse conspiracy theories for one of many different reasons.^[102] The most consistently demonstrated characteristics of people who find conspiracy theories appealing are a feeling of alienation, unhappiness or dissatisfaction with their situation, an unconventional worldview, and a feeling of disempowerment.^[102] While various aspects of personality affect susceptibility to conspiracy theories, none of the Big Five personality traits are associated with conspiracy beliefs.^[102]

The political scientist Michael Barkun, discussing the usage of "conspiracy theory" in contemporary American culture, holds that this term is used for a belief that explains an event as the result of a secret plot by exceptionally powerful and cunning conspirators to achieve a malevolent end.^[103]^[104] According to Barkun, the appeal of conspiracism is threefold:

First, conspiracy theories claim to explain what institutional analysis cannot. They appear to make sense out of a world that is otherwise confusing.
Second, they do so in an appealingly simple way, by dividing the world sharply between the forces of light, and the forces of darkness. They trace all evil back to a single source, the conspirators and their agents.
Third, conspiracy theories are often presented as special, secret knowledge unknown or unappreciated by others. For conspiracy theorists, the masses are a brainwashed herd, while the conspiracy theorists in the know can congratulate themselves on penetrating the plotters' deceptions."^[104]

This third point is supported by research of Roland Imhoff, professor in Social Psychology at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. The research suggests that the smaller the minority believing in a specific theory, the more attractive it is to conspiracy theorists.^[105]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Origins

Some psychologists believe that a search for meaning is common in conspiracism. Once cognized, confirmation bias and avoidance of cognitive dissonance may reinforce the belief. In a context where a conspiracy theory has become embedded within a social group, communal reinforcement may also play a part.^[114]

Inquiry into possible motives behind the accepting of irrational conspiracy theories has linked^[115] these beliefs to distress resulting from an event that occurred, such as the events of 9/11. Additionally, research^[116] done by Manchester Metropolitan University suggests that "delusional ideation" is the most likely condition that would indicate an elevated belief in conspiracy theories. Studies^[75] also show that an increased attachment to these irrational beliefs lead to a decrease in desire for civic engagement. Belief in conspiracy theories is correlated with low intelligence, lower analytical thinking, anxiety disorders, paranoia, and authoritarian beliefs.^[117]^[118]^[119]

Professor Quassim Cassam argues that conspiracy theorists hold their beliefs due to flaws in their thinking and more precisely, their intellectual character. He cites philosopher Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski and her book Virtues of the Mind in outlining intellectual virtues (such as humility, caution and carefulness) and intellectual vices (such as gullibility, carelessness and closed-mindedness). Whereas intellectual virtues help in reaching sound examination, intellectual vices "impede effective and responsible inquiry", meaning that those who are prone to believing in conspiracy theories possess certain vices while lacking necessary virtues.^[120]

Some researchers have suggested that conspiracy theories could be partially caused by psychological mechanisms the human brain possesses for detecting dangerous coalitions. Such a mechanism could have been useful in the small-scale environment humanity evolved in but are mismatched in a modern, complex society and thus "misfire", perceiving conspiracies where none exist.^[121]

Projection

Some historians have argued that psychological projection is prevalent amongst conspiracy theorists. This projection, according to the argument, is manifested in the form of attribution of undesirable characteristics of the self to the conspirators. Historian Richard Hofstadter stated that:

This enemy seems on many counts a projection of the self; both the ideal and the unacceptable aspects of the self are attributed to him. A fundamental paradox of the paranoid style is the imitation of the enemy. The enemy, for example, may be the cosmopolitan intellectual, but the paranoid will outdo him in the apparatus of scholarship, even of pedantry. ... The Ku Klux Klan imitated Catholicism to the point of donning priestly vestments, developing an elaborate ritual and an equally elaborate hierarchy. The John Birch Society emulates Communist cells and quasi-secret operation through "front" groups, and preaches a ruthless prosecution of the ideological war along lines very similar to those it finds in the Communist enemy. Spokesmen of the various fundamentalist anti-Communist "crusades" openly express their admiration for the dedication, discipline, and strategic ingenuity the Communist cause calls forth.^[110]

Hofstadter also noted that "sexual freedom" is a vice frequently attributed to the conspiracist's target group, noting that "very often the fantasies of true believers reveal strong sadomasochistic outlets, vividly expressed, for example, in the delight of anti-Masons with the cruelty of Masonic punishments."^[110]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Fusion paranoia

Michael Kelly, a The Washington Post journalist and critic of anti-war movements on both the left and right, coined the term "fusion paranoia" to refer to a political convergence of left-wing and right-wing activists around anti-war issues and civil liberties, which he said were motivated by a shared belief in conspiracism or shared anti-government views.^[126]

Barkun has adopted this term to refer to how the synthesis of paranoid conspiracy theories, which were once limited to American fringe audiences, has given them mass appeal and enabled them to become commonplace in mass media,^[127] thereby inaugurating an unrivaled period of people actively preparing for apocalyptic or millenarian scenarios in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.^[128] Barkun notes the occurrence of lone-wolf conflicts with law enforcement acting as proxy for threatening the established political powers.^[129]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

The physicist David Robert Grimes estimated the time it would take for a conspiracy to be exposed based on the number of people involved.^[131]^[132] His calculations used data from the PRISM surveillance program, the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, and the FBI forensic scandal. Grimes estimated that:

A Moon landing hoax would require the involvement of 411,000 people and would be exposed within 3.68 years;
Climate-change fraud would require a minimum of 29,083 people (published climate scientists only) and would be exposed within 26.77 years, or up to 405,000 people, in which case it would be exposed within 3.70 years;
A vaccination conspiracy would require a minimum of 22,000 people (without drug companies) and would be exposed within at least 3.15 years and at most 34.78 years depending on the number involved;
A conspiracy to suppress a cure for cancer would require 714,000 people and would be exposed within 3.17 years.

Grimes's study did not consider exposure by sources outside of the alleged conspiracy. It only considered exposure from within the alleged conspiracy through whistleblowers or through incompetence.^[133]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

The Watergate scandal has also been used to bestow legitimacy to other conspiracy theories, with Richard Nixon himself commenting that it served as a "Rorschach ink blot" which invited others to fill in the underlying pattern.^[78]

Historian Kathryn S. Olmsted cites three reasons why Americans are prone to believing in government conspiracies theories:

Genuine government overreach and secrecy during the Cold War, such as Watergate, the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, Project MKUltra, and the CIA's assassination attempts on Fidel Castro in collaboration with mobsters.
Precedent set by official government-sanctioned conspiracy theories for propaganda, such as claims of German infiltration of the U.S. during World War II or the debunked claim that Saddam Hussein played a role in the 9/11 attacks.
Distrust fostered by the government's spying on and harassment of dissenters, such as the Sedition Act of 1918, COINTELPRO, and as part of various Red Scares.^[154]

Alex Jones referenced numerous conspiracy theories for convincing his supporters to endorse Ron Paul over Mitt Romney in the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries and Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election.^[155] Into the 2020s, the QAnon conspiracy theory alleges that Trump is fighting against a deep-state cabal of child sex-abusing and Satan-worshipping Democrats.^[30]^[31]^[156]^[157]^[158]^[159]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Overview

The frazione is situated south-east of the capital, nearly halfway between the residential centre and the coastal localities of Marina di Grosseto and Principina a Mare. The residential area developed during the last century in the area in which the Principina Farm and its relative chapel, the Church of San Carlo Borromeo, elevated to parish in the 1960s, were already arising. The area in which the residential area stands was encircled by the banks of what used to be Lake Prile, which almost completely disappeared due to reclamation work done in the 18th century by the Lorena family: the waters of the old lake basin were channelled into various drains which coast the residential area crossing one another in multiple points in the nearby plains.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principina_Terra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diascordium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landless_Workers%27_Movement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_the_16th_and_17th_centuries:_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_Western_Stato_da_Mar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Terra Sancta)

The Holy Land
Native names Hebrew: אֶרֶץ הַקּוֹדֶשׁ Latin: Terra Sancta Arabic: الأرض المقدسة
Map of the Holy Land ("Terra Sancta"), Pietro Vesconte, 1321. Described by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld as "the first non-Ptolemaic map of a definite country".^[1]
Type	Holy place
Location	Region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea
Original use	Judaism: Judaic Promised Land Christianity: Land of the Gospels Islam: Blessed land of the Quran
Current use	Major pilgrimage destination for the Abrahamic religions

The Holy Land^[a] is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Holy Land" usually refers to a territory roughly corresponding to the modern State of Israel and the Palestinian territories. Jews, Christians, and Muslims regard it as holy.^[2]

Part of the significance of the land stems from the religious significance of Jerusalem (the holiest city to Judaism, and the location of the First and Second Temples), as well as its historical significance as the setting for most of the Bible, the historical locale of Jesus' ministry, the location of the first Qibla and the site of the Isra and Mi'raj event in Islam.

The holiness of the land as a destination of Christian pilgrimage contributed to launching the Crusades, as European Christians sought to win back the Holy Land from Muslims, who had conquered it from the Christian Eastern Roman Empire in 630 AD. In the 19th century, the Holy Land became the subject of diplomatic wrangling as the holy places played a role in the Eastern Question which led to the Crimean War in the 1850s.

Many sites in the Holy Land have long been pilgrimage destinations for adherents of the Abrahamic religions, including Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Baháʼís. Pilgrims visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith, to confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation,^[3] and to connect personally to the Holy Land.^[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land

Colored version of the Whore of Babylon illustration from Martin Luther's 1534 translation of the Bible

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon#/media/File:Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg

A Sibyl, by Domenichino (c. 1616-17)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Babylons

Statue of Italia turrita in Reggio Calabria.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_turrita

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse

Italia turrita places the Iron Crown on Napoleon's head. Originally intended for the Arco della Pace in Milan, this high relief is preserved in the entrance hall of the secondary entrance of Palazzo di Brera.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_turrita

KGB Conspiracy
European cover art
Developer(s)	Cryo
Publisher(s)	Virgin Games
Director(s)	Yves Lamoureux
Producer(s)	Jean-Martial Lefranc
Designer(s)	Johan Robson
Programmer(s)	Yves Lamoureux
Artist(s)	Michel Rho Didier Bouchon Sohor Ty
Writer(s)	Johan Robson
Composer(s)	Stéphane Picq
Platform(s)	MS-DOS, Amiga
Release	1992
Genre(s)	Adventure
Mode(s)	Single-player

The Conspiracy
Publication information
Publisher	Marvel Comics
First appearance	Rampaging Hulk Vol. 1, #1 (Jan. 1977)
In-story information
Base(s)	Cavern beneath New York City
Member(s)	Atlan Bubbles O'Day Centurius Dr. Judan Bardham Kaballa

Pseudomonas putida

Pseudomonas putida on King's B agar, which is glowing due to the production of pyoverdine. Image taken under UV light. Pyoverdine is produced by Pseudomonads to collect iron from the environment.

DIC image of Pseudomonas putida culture wet mount, 400X.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Pseudomonadota
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Pseudomonadales
Family:	Pseudomonadaceae
Genus:	Pseudomonas
Species:	P. putida
Binomial name
*Pseudomonas putida* Trevisan, 1889
Type strain
ATCC 12633 CCUG 12690 CFBP 2066 DSM 291 HAMBI 7 JCM 13063 and 20120 LMG 2257 NBRC 14164 NCAIM B.01634 NCCB 72006 and 68020 NCTC 10936
Synonyms
Bacillus fluorescens putidus" Flügge 1886 Bacillus putidus Trevisan 1889 Pseudomonas eisenbergii Migula 1900 Pseudomonas convexa Chester 1901 Pseudomonas incognita Chester 1901 Pseudomonas ovalis Chester 1901 Pseudomonas rugosa (Wright 1895) Chester 1901 Pseudomonas striata Chester 1901 Pseudomonas mildenbergii Bergey, et al. Arthrobacter siderocapsulatus Dubinina and Zhdanov 1975 Pseudomonas arvilla O. Hayaishi Pseudomonas barkeri Rhodes Pseudomonas cyanogena Hammer

La Cenerentola
Dramma giocoso by Gioachino Rossini
Cover of the libretto, 1817
Other title	La Cenerentola, ossia La bontà in trionfo
Librettist	Jacopo Ferretti
Language	Italian
Based on	Cendrillon by Charles Perrault
Premiere	25 January 1817 Teatro Valle, Rome

Emperor penguin

Adults with a chick on Snow Hill Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Sphenisciformes
Family:	Spheniscidae
Genus:	Aptenodytes
Species:	A. forsteri
Binomial name
*Aptenodytes forsteri* Gray, 1844

Emperor penguin range (breeding colonies in green)^{[image reference needed]}

Principina Terra
Frazione
View of the Principina Farm with its chapel
Principina Terra Location of Principina Terra in Italy
Coordinates: 42°44′17″N 11°03′25″E
Country	Italy
Region	Tuscany
Province	Grosseto (GR)
Comune	Grosseto
Elevation	5 m (16 ft)
Population (2010)
• Total	317
Demonym	Principinesi
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	58100
Dialing code	0564

Blog Archive

Tuesday, May 23, 2023

05-23-2023-0210 - A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, magic tale, or wonder tale) ; etc. (draft)

Definition of tale type

Predecessors

History

System

Critical response

Use in folkloristics

List

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Africa

Films

Games

Literature

Music

Albums

Songs

Television

Other uses

See also

Versions

Relationship to other personality models

Terror management theory

See also

See also

Origin and usage

Walker's five kinds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Lack of evidence

Rhetoric

Consequences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory

Origins

Projection

Fusion paranoia

See also

See also

Overview

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