Sample Group (2020)
Wade, s. - Examination of black-footed penguins with toxoplasmosis reveals hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cranial hemorrhage, and necrotic kidneys (Ploeg, et al., 2011). Alveolar and hepatic tissue presents a high number of immune cells like macrophages containing tachyzoites of T. gondii.[76] Histopathological features in other animals affected with toxoplasmosis had tachyzoites in eye structures like the retina which lead to blindness.[76]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii
The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.[26] Since then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007.[26] The WHO system uses the following categories:
- Primary HIV infection: May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome[26]
- Stage I: HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CD4+ T cell count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (µl or cubic mm) of blood.[26] May include generalized lymph node enlargement.[26]
- Stage II: Mild symptoms, which may include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. A CD4 count of less than 500/µl[26]
- Stage III: Advanced symptoms, which may include unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/µl[26]
- Stage IV or AIDS: severe symptoms, which include toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, or lungs, and Kaposi's sarcoma. A CD4 count of less than 200/µl[26]
The rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is maculopapular, classically.[29]
The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are pneumocystis pneumonia (40%), cachexia in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and esophageal candidiasis.[28] Other common signs include recurrent respiratory tract infections.[28]
People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and cervical cancer.[29]
The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.[26] Since then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007.[26] The WHO system uses the following categories:
Primary HIV infection: May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome[26]
Stage I: HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CD4+ T cell count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (µl or cubic mm) of blood.[26] May include generalized lymph node enlargement.[26]
Stage II: Mild symptoms, which may include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. A CD4 count of less than 500/µl[26]
Stage III: Advanced symptoms, which may include unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/µl[26]
Stage IV or AIDS: severe symptoms, which include toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, or lungs, and Kaposi's sarcoma. A CD4 count of less than 200/µl[26]
Specific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken.[170] Some relatively common adverse events include: lipodystrophy syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, especially with protease inhibitors.[25]Other common symptoms include diarrhea,[170][171] and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.[172] Newer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects.[29] Certain medications may be associated with birth defects and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children.[29]
...became a poster child for HIV after being expelled from school because he was infected.[269]
Diseases of poverty
AIDS
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Measles
Pneumonia
Diarrheal diseases
Plague
Neglected diseases
Cholera
Chagas disease
African sleeping sickness
Schistosomiasis
Dracunculiasis
River blindness
Leishmaniasis
Trachoma
Miscellaneous
Malnutrition
Priority review voucher
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS
Petersen, S. - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as endotoxins, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The term lipooligosaccharide ("LOS") is used to refer to a low-molecular-weight form of bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
Today, the term endotoxin is mostly used synonymously with LPS,[1] although there are a few endotoxins that are not related to LPS, such as the so-called delta endotoxin proteins secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis
Delta endotoxins (δ-endotoxins) are pore-forming toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis species of bacteria. They are useful for their insecticidal action and are the primary toxin produced by Bt corn. During spore formation the bacteria produce crystals of such proteins (hence the name Cry toxins) that are also known as parasporal bodies, next to the endospores; as a result some members are known as a parasporin. The Cyt (cytolytic) toxin group is a group of delta-endotoxins different from the Cry group.
cation-selective channels, which leads to death.[2][1]
A gene mostly found on plasmids,[4] delta-entotoxins sometimes show up in genomes of other species, albeit at a lower proportion than those found in B. thuringiensis.[5] The gene names looks like Cry3Bb, which in this case indicates a Cry toxin of superfamily 3 family B subfamily b.[6]
Cry proteins that are interesting to cancer research are listed under a parasporin (PS) nomenclature in addition to the Cry nomenclature. They do not kill insects, but instead kill leukemia cells.[7][8][9] The Cyt toxins tend to form their own group distinct from Cry toxins.[10] Not all Cry -- crystal-form -- toxins directly share a common root.[11] Examples of non-three-domain toxins that nevertheless have a Cry name include Cry34/35Ab1 and related beta-sandwich binary (Bin-like) toxins, Cry6Aa, and many beta-sandwich parasporins.[12]
In addition, Cry1Ac is effective as a vaccine adjuvant in humans.[14]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_endotoxin
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes.[1][2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore
Cry1Ac protoxin is a crystal protein produced by the gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) during sporulation. Cry1Ac is one of the delta endotoxins produced by this bacterium which act as insecticides. Because of this, the genes for these have been introduced into commercially important crops by genetic engineering (such as cotton and corn) in order to confer pest resistance on those plants.[1][2][3]
Transgenic Bt cotton initially expressed a single Bt gene, which codes for Cry1Ac.[4] Subsequently, Bt cotton has added other delta endotoxins.[5] Products such as Bt cotton, Bt brinjal and genetically modified maize have received attention due to a number of issues, including genetically modified food controversies,[6][7][8] and the Séralini affair.[9][10]
Cry1Ac is also a mucosal adjuvant (an immune-response enhancer) for humans.[11][12][13] It has been used in research to develop a vaccine against the amoeba Naegleria fowleri.[14] This amoeba can invade and attack the human nervous system and brain, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, which is nearly always fatal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry1Ac
- Activation of NF-κB: TRADD recruits TRAF2 and RIP. TRAF2 in turn recruits the multicomponent protein kinase IKK, enabling the serine-threonine kinaseRIP to activate it. An inhibitory protein, IκBα, that normally binds to NF-κB and inhibits its translocation, is phosphorylated by IKK and subsequently degraded, releasing NF-κB. NF-κB is a heterodimeric transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus and mediates the transcription of a vast array of proteins involved in cell survival and proliferation, inflammatory response, and anti-apoptotic factors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factorNF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals, heavy metals, ultraviolet irradiation, oxidized LDL, and bacterial or viral antigens.[1][2][3][5][6] NF-κB plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection. Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, septic shock, viral infection, and improper immune development. NF-κB has also been implicated in processes of synaptic plasticity and memory.[7][8][9][10][11][12]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-κBFibrosarcoma (fibroblastic sarcoma) is a malignant mesenchymal tumour derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by the presence of immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells in a storiform pattern. In humans it is usually found in males aged 30 to 40.[citation needed] It originates in fibrous tissues of the bone and invades long or flat bones such as the femur, tibia, and mandible. It also involves the periosteum and overlying muscle.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosarcoma
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