Exposure to neurotoxins in society is not new,[19] as civilizations have been exposed to neurologically destructive compounds for thousands of years. One notable example is the possible significant lead exposure during the Roman Empire resulting from the development of extensive plumbing networks and the habit of boiling vinegared wine in lead pans to sweeten it, the process generating lead acetate, known as "sugar of lead".[20] In part, neurotoxins have been part of human history because of the fragile and susceptible nature of the nervous system, making it highly prone to disruption.
Lead, a by-product of the ancient silver smelting process, was produced in the Roman Empire with an estimated peak production of 80,000 metric tons per year – a truly industrial scale.[3] The metal was used along with other materials in the vast water supply network of the Romans for the manufacture of water pipes, particularly for urban plumbing.[4]
The method of manufacturing the lead pipes is recorded by Vitruvius and Frontinus.[5] The lead was poured into sheets of a uniform 3 m (10 ft) length, which were bent to form a cylinder and soldered at the seam.[6] The lead pipes could range in size from approximately 1.3 cm (0.5 in) up to 57 cm (22 in) diameter depending on the required rate of flow.[7]
Note. lead processes = space/adv.
Note 2. europe.
Note 3. rom_s_traffkr_w/_stol-chetip/etc.
Note 4. Rome, Romania, Romaniov, Jew, Jewej, Neander, Heathen, Barb/Barbarian, Deprecant, Bruens, gypsy, vagrants, criminals, psychopaths, diseased, deformed, degenerate, norway, last, aziv, huns, infiltrants, invaders, germs, germans, IT-psyo-thrd/leishman/threads/filariasis minis/fement-feet-handle-stor-fly-insect-etc.-chaney disease/etc., amcans, peasants, graydenrosehurds, etc..
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_lead_pipe_inscription
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), Roman Republic (509–27 BC) and Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) until the fall of the western empire.[1] The civilisation began as an Italic settlement in the Italian Peninsula, traditionally dated to 753 BC, that grew into the city of Rome and which subsequently gave its name to the empire over which it ruled and to the widespread civilisation the empire developed. The civilization was led and ruled by the Romans, alternately considered an ethnic group or a nationality. The Roman Empire expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world, still ruled from the city, with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time) and covering 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) at its height in AD 117.[2][3]
- Roman Kingdom
753–509 BC - Roman Republic
509–27 BC - Roman Empire
27 BC – AD 395
- Principate
27 BC – AD 284 - Dominate
AD 284–641
Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the western part of the empire broke up into independent barbarian kingdoms in the 5th century.[a] The eastern part of the empireremained a power through the Middle Ages until its fall in 1453 AD.[b]
| Government | Kingdom (753–509 BC) Republic (509–27 BC) Empire (27 BC–476 AD) |
|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/04/scienceshot-did-lead-poisoning-bring-down-ancient-rome
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-roman-lead-physics-archaeology-controversy/
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