05-19-2023-0227 - phenomenon, typification, ideal of a ring, subset of its elements, principal ideal, prime ideals, correspond one-for-one, Chinese remainder theorem, fractional ideal, ideal, ring theory, structure or agency, error, shear thinning, homogenizer, etc. (draft)

A phenomenon (PL: phenomena), sometimes spelled phaenomenon, is an observable event.^[1] The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon, which cannot be directly observed. Kant was heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in which phenomenon and noumenon serve as interrelated technical terms. Far predating this, the ancient Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus also used phenomenon and noumenon as interrelated technical terms. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For typification in biology, see type (biology).

Typification is a process of creating standard (typical) social construction based on standard assumptions. Discrimination based on typification is called typism.^[1]

See also

• Ideal type
• Normal type
• Typology

References

1. 
   

1. Georg Oesterdiekhoff (2009). Mental Growth of Humankind in History. Books on Demand. p. 394. ISBN 978-3-8370-9318-6.

External links

• Typification at Sociology Index

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Categories:

• Sociological terminology
• Sociology stubs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typification

In mathematics, and more specifically in ring theory, an ideal of a ring is a special subset of its elements. Ideals generalize certain subsets of the integers, such as the even numbers or the multiples of 3. Addition and subtraction of even numbers preserves evenness, and multiplying an even number by any integer (even or odd) results in an even number; these closure and absorption properties are the defining properties of an ideal. An ideal can be used to construct a quotient ring in a way similar to how, in group theory, a normal subgroup can be used to construct a quotient group.

Among the integers, the ideals correspond one-for-one with the non-negative integers: in this ring, every ideal is a principal ideal consisting of the multiples of a single non-negative number. However, in other rings, the ideals may not correspond directly to the ring elements, and certain properties of integers, when generalized to rings, attach more naturally to the ideals than to the elements of the ring. For instance, the prime ideals of a ring are analogous to prime numbers, and the Chinese remainder theorem can be generalized to ideals. There is a version of unique prime factorization for the ideals of a Dedekind domain (a type of ring important in number theory).

The related, but distinct, concept of an ideal in order theory is derived from the notion of ideal in ring theory. A fractional ideal is a generalization of an ideal, and the usual ideals are sometimes called integral ideals for clarity. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(ring_theory)

 

 

 

 

 

In the social sciences there is a standing debate over the primacy of structure or agency in shaping human behaviour. Structure is the recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available.^[1] Agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.^[1] The structure versus agency debate may be understood as an issue of socialization against autonomy in determining whether an individual acts as a free agent or in a manner dictated by social structure.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_agency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_thinning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/homogenizer

An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans.^[1] The term accident implies that nobody should be blamed, but the event may have been caused by unrecognized or unaddressed risks. Most researchers who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity.^[2] For example, when a tree falls down during a wind storm, its fall may not have been caused by humans, but the tree's type, size, health, location, or improper maintenance may have contributed to the result. Most car wrecks are not true accidents; however English speakers started using that word in the mid-20th century as a result of media manipulation by the US automobile industry.^[3]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_type}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_type}