Sunday, May 21, 2023

05-20-2023-2348 - variety, etc. (variety continued...) (draft)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_House

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace

The Limelight building in Manhattan, New York City, in 2007

The Limelight was the name of a chain of nightclubs owned and operated by Peter Gatien. It had locations in New York City, Chicago, Atlanta, London and Hallandale, Florida.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limelight

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shard

Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of the secondary sector of the economy.^[1]^{[unreliable source?]} The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high-tech, but it is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw materials from the primary sector are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex products (such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles), or distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers (usually through wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual customers).

Manufacturing engineering is the field of engineering that designs and optimizes the manufacturing process, or the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification. These materials are then modified through manufacturing to become the desired product.

Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes involved in the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers, use the term fabrication instead.

The manufacturing sector is closely connected with the engineering and industrial design industries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing

London Eye

General information
Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap
Alternative names	Millennium Wheel
Status	Operating
Type	Observation wheel
Location	Lambeth, London
Address	Riverside Building, County Hall, Westminster Bridge Road
Coordinates	51.5033°N 0.1194°WCoordinates: 51.5033°N 0.1194°W
Completed	March 2000^[1]
Opened	31 December 1999 (ceremonial, without passengers)^[2] 1 February 2000 (first passengers carried)^[3] 9 March 2000 (opened to general public)^[2]
Cost	£70 million^[7]
Owner	Merlin Entertainments^[6]
Height	135 metres (443 ft)^[8]
Dimensions
Diameter	120 metres (394 ft)^[8]
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Frank Anatole Joanna Bailey Nic Bailey Julia Barfield Steven Chilton Malcolm Cook David Marks Mark Sparrowhawk^[4]^[5]
Architecture firm	Marks Barfield^[9] ^[1]
Structural engineer	Arup^[10]
Other designers	Babtie Allott & Lomax (checking engineer)^[11] Tony Gee (foundations)^[12]
Awards and prizes	Institution of Structural Engineers Special Award 2001^[13]
Website
londoneye.com

The London Eye, or the Millennium Wheel, is a cantilevered observation wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. It is Europe's tallest cantilevered observation wheel,^[14] and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over three million visitors annually.^[15] It has made many appearances in popular culture.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Eye

A grocery and cosmetics store in Tangier, Morocco

Retail is the sale of goods and services to consumers, in contrast to wholesaling, which is sale to business or institutional customers. A retailer purchases goods in large quantities from manufacturers, directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells in smaller quantities to consumers for a profit. Retailers are the final link in the supply chain from producers to consumers.

Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Some of the earliest retailers were itinerant peddlers. Over the centuries, retail shops were transformed from little more than "rude booths" to the sophisticated shopping malls of the modern era. In the digital age, an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels, including both bricks and mortar and online retailing. Digital technologies are also affecting the way that consumers pay for goods and services. Retailing support services may also include the provision of credit, delivery services, advisory services, stylist services and a range of other supporting services.

Most modern retailers typically make a variety of strategic level decisions including the type of store, the market to be served, the optimal product assortment, customer service, supporting services, and the store's overall market positioning. Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel, and presentation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail

A drug manufacturer inspection by the US Food and Drug Administration

The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals^[1] for use as medications to be administered to patients (or self-administered), with the aim to mitigate symptoms or disease conditions, vaccinate them, or alleviate symptoms of disease or surgical or disease condition.^[2]^[3] Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patenting, testing, safety, efficacy using drug testing and marketing of drugs. The global pharmaceuticals market produced treatments worth $1,228.45 billion in 2020 and showed a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.8%.^[4]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry}

Coordinates: 51°30′3″N 0°8′31″W

Aerial view of Buckingham Palace during Queen Elizabeth II's official 90th birthday celebrations in 2016. The principal façade, the East Front, was originally completed in 1850, and was remodelled in 1913 by Aston Webb.

Buckingham Palace (UK: /ˈbʌkɪŋəm/)^[1] is a London royal residence and the administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom.^[a]^[2] Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning.

Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen's House. During the 19th century it was enlarged by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837.

The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the East Front, which contains the well-known balcony on which the royal family traditionally appears to greet crowds. A German bomb destroyed the palace chapel during the Second World War; the Queen's Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection.

The original early-19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September and on some days in winter and spring.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace

E-commerce

Online goods and services
Digital distribution Ebooks Software Streaming media
Retail services
Banking DVD-by-mail Delivery (commerce) Flower delivery Food delivery Online food ordering Grocery Pharmacy Ride-hailing Travel
Marketplace services
Advertising Auctions Comparison shopping Auction software Social commerce Trading communities Wallet
Mobile commerce
Payment Ticketing
Customer service
Call centre Help desk Live support software
E-procurement
Purchase-to-pay
Super-apps
v t e

Internet
An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser or a mobile app. Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine, which displays the same product's availability and pricing at different e-retailers. As of 2020, customers can shop online using a range of different computers and devices, including desktop computers, laptops, tablet computers and smartphones.

An online shop evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a regular "bricks-and-mortar" retailer or shopping center; the process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. When an online store is set up to enable businesses to buy from another businesses, the process is called business-to-business (B2B) online shopping. A typical online store enables the customer to browse the firm's range of products and services, view photos or images of the products, along with information about the product specifications, features and prices.

Online stores usually enable shoppers to use "search" features to find specific models, brands or items. Online customers must have access to the Internet and a valid method of payment in order to complete a transaction, such as a credit card, an Interac-enabled debit card, or a service such as PayPal. For physical products (e.g., paperback books or clothes), the e-tailer ships the products to the customer; for digital products, such as digital audio files of songs or software, the e-tailer usually sends the file to the customer over the Internet. The largest of these online retailing corporations are Alibaba, Amazon.com, and eBay.^[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping

Financial services are economic services provided by the finance industry, which together encompass a broad range of service sector firms that provide financial management, including credit unions, banks, credit-card companies, insurance companies, accountancy companies, consumer-finance companies, stock brokerages, investment funds, individual asset managers, and some government-sponsored enterprises.^[1]

Financial Services Authority Seychelles logo on building

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred $13.3 billion (equivalent of $173 billion in 2023) in economic recovery programs to Western European economies after the end of World War II. Replacing an earlier proposal for a Morgenthau Plan, it operated for four years beginning on April 3, 1948.[1] The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity and prevent the spread of communism.[2] The Marshall Plan proposed the reduction of interstate barriers and the economic integration of the European Continent while also encouraging an increase in productivity as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan

Kew Palace is a British royal palace within the grounds of Kew Gardens on the banks of the River Thames. Originally a large complex, few elements of it survive. Dating to 1631 but built atop the undercroft of an earlier building, the main survivor is known as the Dutch House. Its royal occupation lasted from around 1728 until 1818, with a final short-lived occupation in 1844. The Dutch House is Grade I listed,^[1] and open to visitors. It is cared for by an independent charity, Historic Royal Palaces, which receives no funding from the government or the Crown.^[2] Alongside the Dutch House is a part of its 18th-century service wing, whilst nearby are a former housekeeper's cottage, brewhouse and kitchen block – most of these buildings are private, though the kitchens are open to the public. These kitchens, the Great Pagoda and Queen Charlotte's Cottage are also run by Historic Royal Palaces.

History

Fortreys and Capels

Beneath the Dutch House is the undercroft of a 16th-century building. This was on land owned by John Dudley and restored to his son Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, childhood friend and court favourite of Elizabeth I, in 1558. It belonged to a west-facing brick building and may be identifiable with a house in Kew in which Robert Dudley entertained Elizabeth in 1563 – one of Elizabeth's main palaces at that time was the nearby Richmond Palace.^[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Palace

Studio 54 is a Broadway theater and a former disco nightclub at 254 West 54th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Operated by the Roundabout Theatre Company, Studio 54 has 1,006 seats on two levels. The theater was designed by Eugene De Rosa for producer Fortune Gallo and opened in 1927 as the Gallo Opera House. The current Broadway theater is named after a nightclub on the same site, founded by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager, which operated within the theater's space in the late 1970s and the 1980s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_54

Palladium House, formerly known as Ideal House is a grade II listed Art Deco office building located on the corner of Great Marlborough Street and Argyll Street in London.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_House,_London

St James's Palace is the most senior royal palace in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. The palace gives its name to the Court of St James's, which is the monarch's royal court, and is located in the City of Westminster in London. Although no longer the principal residence of the monarch, it is the ceremonial meeting place of the Accession Council, the office of the Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps, and the London residence of several members of the royal family.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace

United States dollar
ISO 4217
One-dollar bill (obverse)
Code	USD (numeric: 840)
Subunit	0.01
Unit
Symbol	$, US$, U$‎
Nickname

Denominations
List
Superunit
10	Eagle
Subunit
1⁄10	Dime
1⁄100	Cent
1⁄1000	Mill
Symbol
Cent	¢
Mill	₥
Banknotes
Freq. used	$1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
Rarely used	$2 (still printed); $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 (discontinued, still legal tender)
Coins
Freq. used	1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢
Rarely used	50¢, $1 (still minted); 1⁄2¢, 2¢, 3¢, 20¢, $2.50, $3, $5, $10, $20 (discontinued, still legal tender)
Demographics
Date of introduction	April 2, 1792; 231 years ago^[1]
Replaced	Continental currency Various foreign currencies, including: Pound sterling Spanish dollar
User(s)	see § Formal (11), § Informal (11)
Issuance
Central bank	Federal Reserve
Website	federalreserve.gov
Printer	Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Website	www.bep.gov
Mint	United States Mint
Website	usmint.gov
Valuation
Inflation	5%
Source	[2], March 2023
Method	CPI
Pegged by	see § Pegged currencies

The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introduced the U.S. dollar at par with the Spanish silver dollar, divided it into 100 cents, and authorized the minting of coins denominated in dollars and cents. U.S. banknotes are issued in the form of Federal Reserve Notes, popularly called greenbacks due to their predominantly green color.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar

Sterling


£1 coin (obverse)	Series G £50 banknote

ISO 4217

Code

GBP (numeric: 826)

Subunit

0.01

Unit

pound

Plural

pounds

Symbol

£‎

Denominations

Subunit

1⁄100

penny

Plural

penny

pence

Symbol

penny

Banknotes

Freq. used

Rarely used

£1^[a]
£100^[a]

Coins

Demographics

Date of introduction

c. 800; 1223 years ago

User(s)

United Kingdom
see § Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories, below

Issuance

Central bank

Bank of England

Website

www.bankofengland.co.uk

De La Rue^[1]

Website

Valuation

8.2% or 9.4%

Source

Office for National Statistics, 20 July 2022^[2]

Method

CPIH or CPI

Pegged by

see § Pegged currencies

This article is part of a series on
Politics of the United Kingdom

Sterling (ISO code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories.^[3] The pound (sign: £) is the main unit of sterling,^[4] and the word "pound" is also used to refer to the British currency generally,^[5] often qualified in international contexts as the British pound or the pound sterling.^[4]^[5] In British English, it is commonly referred to as a "quid".

Sterling is the world's oldest currency that is still in use and that has been in continuous use since its inception.^[6] It is currently the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro, and the Japanese yen.^[7] Together with those three currencies and Renminbi, it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights. As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held reserve currency in global reserves.^[8]

The Bank of England is the central bank for sterling, issuing its own banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments guarantee convertibility at par. Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the British Empire.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling

PDP-11 CPU board

Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.^[1]^[2]

By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is "hard" or rigid with respect to changes, whereas software is "soft" because it is easy to change.

Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware

Westminster Abbey
Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster
Westminster Abbey's western façade
Westminster Abbey
Location	Dean's Yard, London, SW1
Country	England
Denomination	Church of England
Previous denomination	Roman Catholic Church
Churchmanship	High church
Website	www.westminster-abbey.org
History
Status	Collegiate church
Founded	960s–970s
Dedication	Saint Peter
Consecrated	28 December 1065, 13 October 1269
Architecture
Functional status	Active
Heritage designation	UNESCO World Heritage Site
Designated	1987
Architectural type	Church
Style	Gothic
Groundbreaking	c. 1042 to 1052
Specifications
Nave width	85 feet (26 m)^[1]
Height	101 feet (31 m)^[1]
Floor area	32,000 square feet (3,000 m²)^[1]
Number of towers	2
Tower height	225 feet (69 m)^[1]
Materials	Reigate stone; Portland stone; Purbeck marble
Bells	10
Administration
Diocese	Extra-diocesan (royal peculiar)
Clergy
Dean	David Hoyle
Canon(s)	see Dean and Chapter
Laity
Director of music	Andrew Nethsingha (Organist and Master of the Choristers)
Organist(s)	Peter Holder^[2] (sub-organist) Matthew Jorysz^[2] (assistant)
Organ scholar	Dewi Rees^[2]

Coordinates	51°29′58″N 00°07′39″WCoordinates: 51°29′58″N 00°07′39″W
Founded	960s–970s^[3]

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iv
Designated	1987 (11th session)
Reference no.	426
Country	United Kingdom
Region	Europe and North America
Listed Building – Grade I
Official name	Westminster Abbey (The Collegiate Church of St Peter)
Designated	24 February 1958
Reference no.	1291494^[4]

Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is an Anglican church in the City of Westminster, London, England. Since 1066, it has been the location of the coronations of 40 English and British monarchs,^[5]^[6] and a burial site for 18 English, Scottish, and British monarchs.^[7] At least 16 royal weddings have occurred at the abbey since 1100.^[8]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey

List of commemorative coins of the Soviet Union

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Commemorative coins were released in the USSR between 1965 and 1991. Most of them were made of copper-nickel alloy, but there were also silver coins, gold coins, palladium coins and platinum coins. All of the coins were minted either by the Moscow Mint (Московский монетный двор, ММД) or by the Leningrad Mint (Ленинградский монетный двор, ЛМД). Certain parts of the mintage of almost each coin were minted using the proof coinage technology.

Coins made of copper-nickel alloy

Year	Denomination	Commemorative subject	Reverse	Mintage
1965	1 ruble	20th anniv. of Soviet people's Victory over fascist Germany in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)	"The Soldier Liberator" monument by Yevgeny Vuchetich in Treptower Park	60,000,000 (11,250 proof)
1967	10 copecks	50 years of Soviet power	Monument "To the Conquerors of Space", rising sun in the background	50,000,000 (211,250 of them proof)
1967	15 copecks	50 years of Soviet power	Worker and Kolkhoz Woman monument, dates: "1917", "1967"	50,000,000 (211,250 proof)
1967	20 copecks	50 years of Soviet power	Aurora cruiser	50,000,000 (211,250 proof)
1967	50 copecks	50 years of Soviet power	Vladimir Lenin	50,000,000 (211,250 proof)
1967	1 ruble	50 years of Soviet power	Vladimir Lenin	52,500,000 (211,250 proof)
1970	1 ruble	100th anniv. of V. I. Lenin's birth	Vladimir Lenin, dates: "1870–1970"	100,000,000 (111,250 proof)
1975	1 ruble	30th anniv. of Soviet people's Victory over fascist Germany in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)	The Motherland Calls sculpture by Yevgeny Vuchetich on Mamayev Kurgan, five-pointed star with hammer and sickle in the center, dates: "1941–1945"	16,000,000 (1,011,250 proof)
1977	1 ruble	60th anniv. of the Great October Socialist Revolution	Vladimir Lenin, Aurora, Monument to the Conquerors of Space, Atom symbol	5,000,000 (13,250 proof)
1977	1 ruble	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Emblem	9,000,000 (335,000 proof)
1978	1 ruble	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Moscow Kremlin	7,000,000 (509,500 proof)
1979	1 ruble	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	MSU building	5,000,000 (334,500 proof)
1979	1 ruble	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Monument "To the Conquerors of Space", Sputnik 1, Salyut-Soyuz joint flight	5,000,000 (334,500 proof)
1980	1 ruble	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Moscow Soviet building, monument to Yury Dolgoruky	5,000,000 (509,500 proof)
1980	1 ruble	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Olympic Torch in Moscow	5,000,000 (509,500 proof)
1981	1 ruble	20th anniv. of the first human flight into space (USSR citizen Yuri Gagarin)	Yuri Gagarin, Salyut station with two Soyuz spacecraft docked, dates: "1961", "1981"	4,000,000 (38,000 proof)
1981	1 ruble	Friendship for ever (Soviet-Bulgarian friendship)	Flag of the Soviet Union, Flag of Bulgaria, handshake	2,000,000 (16,000 proof)
1982	1 ruble	60th anniv. of the formation of the USSR	Vladimir Lenin in sunrays of the rising sun	2,000,000 (79,000 proof)
1983	1 ruble	100th anniv. of Karl Marx's death	Karl Marx, dates: "1818", "1883"	2,000,000 (79,000 proof)
1983	1 ruble	20th anniv. of the first woman's flight into space (USSR citizen Valentina Tereshkova)	Valentina Tereshkova in space suit, stars, date: "16-19.VI.1963"	2,000,000 (55,000 proof)
1983	1 ruble	400th anniv. of Ivan Fyodorov's death	Ivan Fyodorov, dates: "1510", "1583"	2,000,000 (35,000 proof)
1984	1 ruble	150th anniv. of Dmitry Mendeleyev's birth	Dmitry Mendeleyev, dates: "1834", "1907"	2,000,000 (35,000 proof)
1984	1 ruble	125th anniv. of Alexander Popov's birth	Alexander Popov, dates: "1859", "1906"	2,000,000 (35,000 proof)
1984	1 ruble	185th anniv. of Aleksandr Pushkin's birth	Aleksandr Pushkin, dates: "1799", "1837"	2,000,000 (35,000 proof)
1985	1 ruble	115th anniv. of V. I. Lenin's birth	V. I. Lenin, dates: "1870", "1924"	2,000,000 (40,000 proof)
1985	1 ruble	40th anniv. of Soviet people's Victory over fascist Germany in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)	Order of the Patriotic War in sunrays, dates: "1945–1985"	6,000,000 (40,000 proof)
1985	1 ruble	12th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow	Emblem	6,000,000 (40,000 proof)
1985	1 ruble	165th anniv. of Friedrich Engels's birth	Friedrich Engels, dates: "1820", "1895"	2,000,000 (40,000 proof)
1986	1 ruble	International Year of Peace	Emblem	4,000,000 (45,000 proof)
1986	1 ruble	275th anniv. of Mikhail Lomonosov's birth	Mikhail Lomonosov, dates: "1711", "1765"	2,000,000 (35,000 proof)
1987	1 ruble	175th anniv. of the Battle of Borodino	monument to Mikhail Kutuzov at Borodino, date: "1812"	4,000,000 (220,000 proof)
1987	1 ruble	175th anniv. of the Battle of Borodino	bas relief — fragment of monument to Kutuzov in Moscow	4,000,000 (220,000 proof)
1987	1 ruble	130th anniv. of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's birth	monument to Tsiolkovsky in Moscow, flying rocket, stars, dates: "1857", "1935"	4,000,000 (170,000 proof)
1987	1 ruble	70th anniv. of the Great October Socialist Revolution	A hammer and sickle and the cruiser Aurora superimposed on a globe, the date "1917" on a banner, Russian text "70 ЛЕТ" (70 years) and "ВЕЛИКОЙ ОКТЯБРЬСКОЙ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ" (Great October Socialist Revolution)	4,000,000 (200,000 proof)
1988	1 ruble	120th anniv. of Maksim Gorky's birth	Maksim Gorky, flying stormy petrel, dates: "1868–1936"	4,000,000 (225,000 proof)
1988	1 ruble	160th anniv. of Leo Tolstoy's birth	Leo Tolstoy, dates: "1828–1910"	4,000,000 (225,000 proof)
1989	1 ruble	175th anniv. of Taras Shevchenko's birth	Taras Shevchenko and his signature, dates: "1814", "1861"	3,000,000 (300,000 proof)
1989	1 ruble	150th anniv. of Modest Musorgsky's birth	Modest Musorgsky and his signature, dates: "1839", "1881", banknotes	3,000,000 (300,000 proof)
1989	1 ruble	175th anniv. of Mikhail Lermontov's birth	Mikhail Lermontov and his signature, dates: "1814", "1841"	3,000,000 (300,000 proof)
1989	1 ruble	100th anniv. of Hamza Hakimzadeh Niyazi's birth	Hamza Hakimzadeh Niyazi, opened book and flower, dates: "1889", "1929"	2,000,000 (200,000 proof)
1989	1 ruble	100th anniv. of Mihai Eminescu's death	Mihai Eminescu and his signature, dates: "1850", "1889"	2,000,000 (200,000 proof)
1990	1 ruble	130th anniv. of Anton Chekhov's birth	Anton Chekhov and his signature, table lamp and books, dates: "1860", "1904"	3,000,000 (400,000 proof)
1990	1 ruble	150th anniv. of Pyotr Chaikovsky's birth	Pyotr Chaikovsky and his signature, musical notation, dates: "1840", "1893"	3,000,000 (400,000 proof)
1990	1 ruble	45th anniv. of Soviet people's Victory over fascist Germany in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)	Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgi Zhukov, dates: "1896", "1974"	2,000,000 (400,000 proof)
1990	1 ruble	500th anniv. of Francysk Skaryna's birth	Francysk Skaryna, holding a book and a pencil, dates: "1490", "1551"	3,000,000 (400,000 proof)
1990	1 ruble	125th anniv. of Jānis Rainis's birth	Jānis Rainis and his signature, dates: "1865", "1929"	3,000,000 (400,000 proof)
1991	1 ruble	550th anniv. of Alisher Navoi's birth	Alisher Navoi, dates: "1441", "1501"	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	1 ruble	125th anniv. of Pyotr Lebedev's birth	Pyotr Lebedev, pressure of light formula experimentally confirmed by him, device constructed by him to measure the pressure of light, dates: "1866", "1912"	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	1 ruble	100th anniv. of Sergei Prokofiev's birth	Sergei Prokofiev, dates "1891" and "1953" separated by a clef	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	1 ruble	Turkmen poet Makhtumkuli	Makhtumkuli, dates: "1733" and "1798"	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	1 ruble	100th anniv. of Konstantin Ivanov, Chuvash poet	Konstantin Ivanov, dates: "1890", "1915"	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	1 ruble	850th anniv. of Nizami Ganjavi's birth	Nizami Ganjavi holding a quill	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	1 ruble	Games of the 25th Olympiad in Barcelona	cycling; a modern cyclist on bicycle and Ancient Greek chariot are depicted	250,000 proof
1991	1 ruble	Games of the 25th Olympiad in Barcelona	javelin throw; modern and Ancient Greek javelin throwers are depicted	250,000 proof
1991	1 ruble	Games of the 25th Olympiad in Barcelona	wrestling; modern and Ancient Greek wrestlers are depicted	250,000 proof
1991	1 ruble	Games of the 25th Olympiad in Barcelona	long jump; triple jump by a modern athlete and long jump by Ancient Greek athlete are depicted	250,000 proof
1991	1 ruble	Games of the 25th Olympiad in Barcelona	weightlifting; modern athlete lifting a barbell and Ancient Greek athlete lifting stones while standing on one bent leg are depicted	250,000 proof
1991	1 ruble	Games of the 25th Olympiad in Barcelona	running; a modern runner and two Ancient Greek runners are depicted	250,000 proof
1987	3 rubles	70th anniv. of the Great October Socialist Revolution	worker, soldier and sailor with rifles, date: "1917"	2,500,000 (200,000 proof)
1989	3 rubles	The earthquake in Armenia	five hands, symbolizing the help from five continents, are holding the cauldron with eternal flame; ruines of houses, wing-like mountains of Armenia in the background, date: "7.12.1988"	3,000,000 (300,000 proof)
1991	3 rubles	50th anniv. of Victory in the Battle of Moscow	marching Soviet soldiers, anti-tank obstacle, airship in the air, Spasskaya Tower and Kremlin Wall, dates: "1941", "1991"	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1987	5 rubles	70th anniv. of the Great October Socialist Revolution	Vladimir Lenin, date: 1917	1,500,000 (200,000 proof)
1988	5 rubles	Monument to Peter the Great in Leningrad	Bronze Horseman in the Decembrists Square in Leningrad, Peter and Paul Fortress in the background, date: "1782"	2,000,000 (325,000 proof)
1988	5 rubles	Millennium of Russia monument in Novgorod	the monument, date: "1862"	2,000,000 (325,000 proof)
1988	5 rubles	Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev	the cathedral	2,000,000 (325,000 proof)
1989	5 rubles	The Cathedral of Intercession on the Mound	the cathedral, date: "1561"	2,000,000 (300,000 proof)
1989	5 rubles	Registan Ensemble in Samarkand	the ensemble	2,000,000 (300,000 proof)
1989	5 rubles	Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow	the cathedral, date: "1489"	2,000,000 (300,000 proof)
1990	5 rubles	Peterhof Palace	the palace and a fountain in the foreground	3,000,000 (400,000 proof)
1990	5 rubles	Cathedral of the Dormition in Moscow	the cathedral	3,000,000 (400,000 proof)
1990	5 rubles	Matenadaran Institute of Ancient Manuscripts in Yerevan	the institute, ancient manuscript, eagle, shield and sword	3,000,000 (400,000 proof)
1991	5 rubles	Cathedral of the Archangel in Moscow	the cathedral, date: "1508"	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	5 rubles	The State Bank of the USSR building	patterned gates and the building	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	5 rubles	Monument to David of Sassoun in Yerevan	the monument, date: "1959"	2,500,000 (350,000 proof)
1991	5 rubles	Red Data Book of the Russian Federation	Markhor on top of a rock, outer part:copper-nickel alloy, inner part: copper-zinc alloy	550,000 (50,000 proof)
1991	5 rubles	Red Data Book of the Russian Federation of the USSR	Blakiston's fish owl, aquatic plants in the background, outer part:copper-nickel alloy, inner part: copper-zinc alloy	550,000 (50,000 proof)

Silver coins

Year	Denom.	Commemorative subject	Reverse	Mintage	mf	weight (g)
1988	3 rubles	1000th anniv. of ancient Russian architecture	Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev	35,000	900	31.1
1988	3 rubles	1000th anniv. of ancient Russian Mintage	Vladimir's Srebrenik	35,000	900	31.1
1989	3 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	first All-Russian coins	40,000	900	31.1
1989	3 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Moscow Kremlin	40,000	900	31.1
1990	3 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Peter the Great Fleet	40,000	900	31.1
1990	3 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Petropavlovsk Fortress	40,000	900	31.1
1990	3 rubles	World Summit for Children	Emblem	20,000	900	31.1
1991	3 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Bolshoi Theatre	25,000	900	31.1
1991	3 rubles	250th anniv. of the discovery of Russian America	James Cook at Unalaska	25,000	900	31.1
1991	3 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Triumphal Arch of Moscow	40,000	900	31.1
1991	3 rubles	250th anniv. of the discovery of Russian America	Fort Ross	25,000	900	31.1
1991	3 rubles	30th anniv. of the first human flight into space (USSR citizen Yuri Gagarin)	Monument on Leninsky Avenue in Moscow, stars in the background, dates: "1961", "1991", Russian text "30 ЛЕТ ПЕРВОГО ПОЛЕТА ЧЕЛОВЕКА КОСМОС" (30 years of human spaceflight)	25,000	900	31.1
1977	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Leningrad: Admiralty building, Smolny and monument to Vladimir Lenin, Winter Palace, Rostral column	250,411 unc. + 121,417 proof	900
1977	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Tallinn	251,562 unc. + 122,167 proof	900
1977	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Kiev: monument in the Park of Eternal Glory, "Druzhba" skyscraper on Khreshchatyk, building of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR	250,037 unc. + 121,137 proof	900
1977	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Minsk: Victory Square, Minsk Sports Palace	250,040 unc. + 121,137 proof	900
1978	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	swimming: butterfly swimmer, Swimming Pool at the Olimpiysky Sports Complex in the background	226,665 unc. + 118,335 proof	900
1978	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Running: runner, stadium in the background	226,653 unc. + 118,353 proof	900
1978	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	equestrian	220,603 unc. + 118,409 proof	900
1978	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	high jump	220,583 unc. + 119,143 proof	900
1979	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	hammer throw	207,078 unc. + 107,928 proof	900
1979	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	weightlifting: athlete after an overhead split jerk, Izmailovo Palace of Sports	207,078 unc. + 107,928 proof	900
1980	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	gymnastics:gymnast doing stag handstand on the beam, Palace of Sports of the Central Lenin Stadium	126,220 unc. + 95,420 proof	900
1980	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	archery	126,220 unc. + 95,420 proof	900
1980	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	folk sport Gorodki: player throwing a bat; gorodki figures (fork, well, cannon, lobster, watchmen, machine gun installation)	126,220 unc. + 95,420 proof	900
1980	5 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	folk sport "Isindi": two horsemen during the pursuit, one of them throws a javelin into another	126,220 unc. + 95,420 proof	900
1977	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Moscow: Moscow Kremlin	250,414 unc. + 121,423 proof	900
1977	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Map of the USSR	250,040 unc. + 121,137 proof	900
1978	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	cycling	226,504 unc. + 118,353 proof	900
1978	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	rowing	226,404 unc. + 118,403 proof	900
1978	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	folk sport "Overtake a girl": a horseman and a horsewoman during the pursuit	226,404 unc. + 118,403 proof	900
1978	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	pole vault	220,583 unc. + 119,343 proof	900
1979	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	basketball	220,583 unc. + 119,243 proof	900
1979	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	volleyball: players in action (an attack and a block), Minor Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium	220,583 unc. + 119,243 proof	900
1979	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	judo: fighting judoka, Palace of Sports of the Central Lenin Stadium	207,078 unc. + 107,928 proof	900
1979	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	boxing: boxers during the fight, Indoor Stadium of the Olympiski Sports Complex in the background	207,078 unc. + 107,928 proof	900
1979	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	folk sport "Kettlebell lifting": athlete in action	207,078 unc. + 107,928 proof	900
1980	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	folk sport "Dance of an eagle and khuresh": fighting wrestlers, winner performing "dance of an eagle"	126,220 unc. + 95,420 proof	900
1980	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	folk sport "Tug of war": two teams during the competition	126,220 unc. + 95,420 proof	900
1980	10 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	folk sport "Reindeer race"	126,220 unc. + 95,420 proof	900

Gold coins

Year	Denomination	Commemorative subject	Reverse	Mintage	mf	weight (g)
1991	10 rubles	Russian Ballet	Bolshoi Theatre	6,000	585	2.65
1991	25 rubles	Russian Ballet	Bolshoi Theatre	5,000	585	5.32
1991	25 rubles	Russian Ballet Proof	Bolshoi Theatre	1,500	999	3.11
1988	50 rubles	1000th anniv. of ancient Russian architecture	Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod	25,000	900	8.75
1989	50 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Cathedral of the Dormition	25,000	900	8.75
1990	50 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Gabriel the Archangel Church	25,000	900	8.75
1991	50 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Saint Isaac's Cathedral	25,000	900	8.75
1991	50 rubles	Russian Ballet	Bolshoi Theatre	2,400	585	13.3
1991	50 rubles	Russian Ballet Proof	Bolshoi Theatre	1,500	999	7.78
1977	100 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Emblem	81,752 (38,036 of them proof) MMD & LMD	900	17.45
1978	100 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Central Lenin Stadium	107,340 (45,317 proof) MMD & LMD	900	17.45
1978	100 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Man-made Basin for rowing events	100,406 (43,253 proof) MMD & LMD	900	17.45
1979	100 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Velodrome	97,126 (42,213 proof) MMD & LMD	900	17.45
1979	100 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Druzhba (Friendship) Multi-Purpose Arena	91,506 (38,003 proof) MMD	900	17.45
1980	100 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Olympic flame	52,440 (27,820 proof) MMD	900	17.45
1988	100 rubles	1000th anniv. of ancient Russian Mintage	Vladimir's Zlatnik	14,000	900	17.45
1989	100 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	State seal of Ivan III	14,000	900	17.45
1990	100 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Monument to Peter the Great	14,000	900	17.45
1991	100 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Leo Tolstoy	14,000	900	17.45
1991	100 rubles	Russian Ballet	Bolshoi Theatre	1,200	585	26.58
1991	100 rubles	Russian Ballet Proof	Bolshoi Theatre	1,500	999	15.55

Platinum coins

Year	Denomination	Commemorative subject	Reverse	Mintage	mf	weight (g)
1977	150 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Emblem	34,070 (24,160 of them proof)	999	15.55
1978	150 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	Discobolus	33,256 (19,853 proof)	999	15.55
1979	150 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	wrestlers	32,556 (18,978 proof)	999	15.55
1980	150 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	chariot	26,806 (17,708 proof)	999	15.55
1980	150 rubles	Games of the 22nd Olympiad in Moscow	runners	20,690 (12,870 proof)	999	15.55
1988	150 rubles	1000th anniv. of ancient Russian literature	The Tale of Igor's Campaign	12,000	999	15.55
1989	150 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Great standing on the Ugra river	16,000	999	15.55
1990	150 rubles	500th anniv. of Russian State	Battle of Poltava	16,000	999	15.55
1990	150 rubles	250th anniv. of the discovery of Russian America	vessel Saint Gabriel	6,500	999	15.55
1991	150 rubles	500th Anniversary of Russian State (Patriotic War of 1812)		16,000	999	15.55
1991	150 rubles	250th anniv. of the discovery of Russian America	Ioann Veniaminov	6,500	999	15.55

Palladium coins

Year	Denomination	Commemorative subject	Reverse	Mintage	mf	weight (g)
1991	5 rubles	Russian ballet	ballerina in the role of Odette	9,000	999	7.87
1990	10 rubles	Russian ballet	ballerina in the role of Odette	1,400	999	15.55
1991	10 rubles	Russian ballet	ballerina in the role of Odette	8,000	999	15.55
1988	25 rubles	1000th anniv. of the Baptism of Russia	Monument to the duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich	7,000	999	31.1
1989	25 rubles	500th Anniversary of Russian State	Ivan III	12,000	999	31.1
1989	25 rubles	Russian ballet	ballerina in the role of Odette	6,500	999	31.1
1990	25 rubles	500th Anniversary of Russian State	Peter the Great	12,000	999	31.1
1990	25 rubles	250th anniv. of the discovery of Russian America	vessel St. Peter	6,500	999	31.1
1990	25 rubles	250th anniv. of the discovery of Russian America	vessel St. Paul	6,500	999	31.1
1990	25 rubles	Russian ballet	ballerina in the role of Odette	24,000	999	31.1
1991	25 rubles	500th Anniversary of Russian State	Serfdom abolition	12,000	999	31.1
1991	25 rubles	250th anniv. of the discovery of Russian America	Three Saints Bay	6,500	999	31.1
1991	25 rubles	250th anniv. of the discovery of Russian America	Novo-Arkhangelsk	6,500	999	31.1
1991	25 rubles	Russian ballet	ballerina in the role of Odette	3,000	999	31.1

References and sources

Books

Bruce, Colin R. II (senior editor) (2008). 2009 Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1901–2000 (36th ed.). Krause Publications. pp. 1726–1742. ISBN 978-0-89689-630-7. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

Websites

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Commemorative coins of the Soviet Union.

Money of Russia - photos of Soviet commemorative gold, platinum and palladium coins
USSR Silver Coins – with photos and descriptions
The Mint – detailed descriptions and photos of 1965–1996 Soviet and Russian commemorative copper-nickel coins

Categories:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commemorative_coins_of_the_Soviet_Union

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Eastern architecture)

Li Cheng, Buddhist Temple in the Mountains, 11th century, China, ink on silk, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri

The history of Asian art includes a vast range of arts from various cultures, regions, and religions across the continent of Asia. The major regions of Asia include Central, East, South, Southeast, and West Asia.

Central Asian art primarily consists of works by the Turkic peoples of the Eurasian Steppe, while East Asian art includes works from China, Japan, and Korea. South Asian art encompasses the arts of the Indian subcontinent, while Southeast Asian art includes the arts of Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. West Asian art encompasses the arts of the Near East, including the ancient art of Mesopotamia, and more recently becoming dominated by Islamic art.

In many ways, the history of art in Asia parallels the development of Western art.^[1]^[2] The art histories of Asia and Europe are greatly intertwined, with Asian art greatly influencing European art, and vice versa; the cultures mixed through methods such as the Silk Road transmission of art, the cultural exchange of the Age of Discovery and colonization, and through the internet and modern globalization.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Excluding prehistoric art, the art of Mesopotamia represents the oldest forms of art in Asia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asian_art

Palladium

Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap
Location	Náměstí Republiky, Prague
Coordinates	50°5′21.17″N 14°25′45.86″ECoordinates: 50°5′21.17″N 14°25′45.86″E
Opening date	October 2007
Total retail floor area	39,000 square metres (420,000 sq ft)
No. of floors	11 (5 retail)
Parking	900 spaces
Website	www.palladiumpraha.cz/en/

Palladium is a shopping mall located in the centre of Prague in the Czech Republic. It opened in 2007. The mall contains 170 shops and 30 restaurants, with a retail area of 39,000 square metres (420,000 sq ft).^[1] There is also designated office space in the building totalling 19,500 square metres (210,000 sq ft).^[2] It is one of the biggest shopping centres in the Czech Republic. It is directly opposite another shopping centre, Kotva Department Store.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium_(Prague)

Streamline Moderne
Top: San Francisco Maritime Museum (1937) Middle: New York Central Hudson locomotive (1939): Bottom: Blytheville Greyhound Bus Station, Arkansas (1937)
Years active	1930s–1940s
Country	International

Streamline Moderne is an international style of Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. Inspired by aerodynamic design, it emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements. In industrial design, it was used in railroad locomotives, telephones, toasters, buses, appliances, and other devices to give the impression of sleekness and modernity.^[1]

In France, it was called the style paquebot, or "ocean liner style", and was influenced by the design of the luxury ocean liner SS Normandie, launched in 1932.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne

"The mewes" (top right) at Charing Cross, depicted on John Norden's map of Westminster, 1593. The map is oriented with north-west to the top.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mews

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Column of Constantine
The Column of Constantine in Istanbul, made of Egyptian porphyry, seen here as purple column drums.
Location	Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.

Location of Column of Constantine in Istanbul

The Column of Constantine (Turkish: Çemberlitaş Sütunu; Greek: Στήλη του Κωνσταντίνου Α΄; Latin: Columna Constantini) is a monumental column built for Roman emperor Constantine the Great to commemorate the dedication of Constantinople on 11 May 330 AD. Built c. 328 AD, it is the oldest Constantinian monument to survive in Istanbul and stood in the centre of the Forum of Constantine. It occupies the second-highest hill of the seven hills of Constantine's Nova Roma, the erstwhile Byzantium, and was midway along the Mese odos, the ancient city's main thoroughfare.

The Turkish name Çemberlitaş, from çemberli 'hooped' and taş 'stone', was applied after repairs by the Ottomans in c. 1515, who added iron reinforcing hoops to the shaft, and came to refer to the surrounding area.

The column stands at the point where Yeniçeriler Caddesi ('Street of the Janissaries') joined the Divan Yolu ('Road to the Divan'), the two streets connecting Sultanahmet Square with Beyazıt Square and roughly following the course of the old Mese odos. The Roman street led eastward to the Augustaion, the Hippodrome, Hagia Sophia, the Baths of Zeuxippus, and the Chalke Gate of the Great Palace. To the west it led through the Forum of Theodosius to the Philadelphion and the walls of Constantinople. In Constantine's Forum itself the emperor established the original home of the Byzantine Senate.^[1]^[2]

The column stands right beside the Çemberlitaş stop on the T1 tramline.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_Constantine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tower of London

Location	London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Coordinates	51°30′29″N 00°04′34″WCoordinates: 51°30′29″N 00°04′34″W
Area	Castle: 12 acres (4.9 ha) Tower Liberties: 6 acres (2.4 ha)
Height	27 metres (89 ft)
Built	White Tower: 1078 Inner Ward: 1190s Rebuilt: 1285 Wharf expansion: 1377–1399
Visitors	2,984,499 (in 2019)^[1]
Owner	King Charles III in right of the Crown^[2]

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv
Designated	1988 (12th session)
Reference no.	488
Country	England
Europe and North America
Listed Building – Grade I
Listed Building – Grade II
Location of the castle in central London

The Tower of London, officially His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded toward the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new Norman ruling class. The castle was also used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins),^[3] although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under kings Richard I, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Victoria and Albert Museum
Logo introduced in 1989
The museum's main entrance
Location within Central London
Former name	Museum of Manufactures, South Kensington Museum
Established	1852; 171 years ago
Location	Cromwell Road, Kensington and Chelsea, London, SW7
Coordinates	51°29′47″N 00°10′19″WCoordinates: 51°29′47″N 00°10′19″W
Type	Art museum
Collection size	2,278,183 items in 145 galleries
Visitors	3,992,198 (2019)^[1] Ranked 6th nationally (2019)^[2]
Director	Tristram Hunt^[3]
Owner	Non-departmental public body of the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport
Public transit access	South Kensington Kensington Museums 360 Victoria & Albert Museum 14, 74, 414, C1
Website	www.vam.ac.uk

The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects.^[4] It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum

Coordinates: 51°29′44″N 0°7′11″W

Lambeth Palace, photographed looking east across the River Thames. Visible are the 15th-century Lollards' Tower at left; the Great Hall (with cupola) at centre; the late 15th-century brick gatehouse towards the right; and the 14th-century tower of St Mary-at-Lambeth at far right.

Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the archbishop of Canterbury. It is situated in north Lambeth, London, on the south bank of the River Thames, 400 yards (370 metres)^[1] south-east of the Palace of Westminster, which houses Parliament, on the opposite bank.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace

London Stadium
View of the stadium in October 2022

Construction
Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap
Former names	Olympic Stadium (2012) The Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (2013–2016)
Location	Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Stratford London, E20
Public transit	Stratford Stratford International Pudding Mill Lane DLR station
Owner	E20Stadium, LLP
Operator	London Stadium 185 Ltd.
Capacity	62,500 (regulated capacity) ^[2] 66,000 (seated capacity) (sports)^[3] 80,000 (concerts)^[4]
Field size	105 by 68 metres (114.8 yd × 74.4 yd)^[5]
Surface	Grass (Desso GrassMaster) Track (Mondotrack/WS, 9 Lanes)^[1]
Broke ground	22 May 2008; 14 years ago
Built	22 May 2008 – 29 March 2011
Opened	5 May 2012; 11 years ago
Renovated	2013–2016
Construction cost	£486 million^[6] (£717 million in 2023 pounds^[7]) £274 million (2013–16 renovations)^[8]
Architect	Populous (formerly HOK Sport), led by Philip Johnson
Project manager	Savills
Structural engineer	Buro Happold
Services engineer	M-E Engineers
General contractor	Balfour Beatty
Main contractors	Sir Robert McAlpine
Tenants
UK Athletics (2015–present) West Ham United F.C. (2016–present)
Website
Venue Website

London Stadium (formerly and also known as Olympic Stadium and the Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park) is a multi-purpose outdoor stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in the Stratford district of London. It is located in the Lower Lea Valley, 6 miles (10 km) east of central London. The stadium was constructed specifically for the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics, serving as the track-and-field venue and as the site of their opening and closing ceremonies. Following the Games, it was renovated for multi-purpose use, and it now serves primarily as the home of Premier League club West Ham United.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stadium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Royal Courts of Justice
The facade onto The Strand

General information
Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap
Status	Completed
Type	Court
Architectural style	Gothic Revival
Address	Strand City of Westminster WC2A 2LL
Town or city	London
Country	England
Coordinates	51°30′49″N 0°06′48″WCoordinates: 51°30′49″N 0°06′48″W
Current tenants	HM Courts & Tribunals Service
Groundbreaking	1873
Opened	1882; 141 years ago
Cost	< £1 million
Technical details
Material	Portland stone ashlar and red bricks with granite, marble and red sandstone dressings and slate and lead roofing
Floor count	Five
Design and construction
Architect(s)	George Edmund Street
Main contractor	Messrs Bull & Sons
Other information
Public transit access	Temple
Website
Official website

Listed Building – Grade I
Official name	Royal Courts of Justice: The Law Courts, Screen Walls, Gates, Railings and Lamps
Designated	5 February 1970
Reference no.	1264258

The Royal Courts of Justice, commonly called the Law Courts, is a court building in Westminster which houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. The High Court also sits on circuit and in other major cities. Designed by George Edmund Street, who died before it was completed, it is a large grey stone edifice in the Victorian Gothic Revival style built in the 1870s and opened by Queen Victoria in 1882. It is one of the largest courts in Europe. It is a Grade I listed building.^[1]

It is located on Strand within the City of Westminster, near the border with the City of London (Temple Bar). It is surrounded by the four Inns of Court, St Clement Danes church, The Australian High Commission, King's College London and the London School of Economics. The nearest London Underground stations are Chancery Lane and Temple. The Central Criminal Court, widely known as the Old Bailey after its street, is about 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) to the east—a Crown Court centre with no direct connection with the Royal Courts of Justice.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice

St Paul's
Cathedral Church of St Paul the Apostle
Aerial view
St Paul's

History
Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap Interactive fullscreen map
51°30′49″N 0°05′53″WCoordinates: 51°30′49″N 0°05′53″W
Location	London, EC4
Country	United Kingdom
Denomination	Church of England
Previous denomination	Roman Catholicism
Website	stpauls.co.uk
Status	Active
Consecrated	1697; 326 years ago
Architecture
Heritage designation	Grade I Listed
Previous cathedrals	4
Architect(s)	Sir Christopher Wren
Style	English Baroque
Years built	1675–1710
Groundbreaking	1675
Completed	1710
Specifications
Length	518 ft (158 m)
Nave width	121 ft (37 m)
Width across transepts	246 ft (75 m)
Height	365 ft (111 m)
Dome height (outer)	278 ft (85 m)
Dome height (inner)	225 ft (69 m)
Dome diameter (outer)	112 ft (34 m)
Dome diameter (inner)	102 ft (31 m)
Number of towers	2
Tower height	221 ft (67 m)
Administration
Province	Canterbury
Diocese	London (since 604)
Clergy
Bishop(s)	Sarah Mullally
Dean	Andrew Tremlett
Precentor	James Milne
Chancellor	Paula Gooder (lay reader)
Canon Treasurer	vacant
Laity
Director of music	Andrew Carwood
Organist(s)	William Fox (acting)

St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London, England, and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade I listed building. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604.^[1] The present structure, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed in Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme in the city after the Great Fire of London.^[2] The earlier Gothic cathedral (Old St Paul's Cathedral), largely destroyed in the Great Fire, was a central focus for medieval and early modern London, including Paul's walk and St Paul's Churchyard, being the site of St Paul's Cross.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral

Workers assemble Browning-Inglis Hi-Power pistols at the John Inglis munitions plant, Canada, April 1944

The arms industry, also known as the defence industry (or defense industry), the military industry, or the arms trade, is a global industry which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology. Public sector and private sector firms conduct research and development, engineering, production, and servicing of military material, equipment, and facilities. Customers are the armed forces of states, and civilians. An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition – whether privately or publicly owned – are made, maintained and repaired, stored, or issued, in any combination. Products of the arms industry include weapons, munitions, weapons platforms, military communications and other electronics, and more. The arms industry also provides other logistical and operational support.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Queen's Gallery

Location within Central London
Established	1962; 61 years ago
Location	Buckingham Palace London, SW1 United Kingdom
Public transit access	Victoria
Website	Official website

The Queen's Gallery is the main public art gallery of Buckingham Palace, home of the British monarch, in London. It exhibits works of art from the Royal Collection (the bulk of which works have since its opening been regularly displayed, so held in trust for the nation, rather than kept privately) on a rotating basis. It has its own access façade and typically displays about 450 works, always including mainly paintings and drawings.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallery

Iron, ₂₆Fe

Iron

Pronunciation

/ˈaɪərn/

Allotropes

see Allotropes of iron

Appearance

lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge

Standard atomic weight A_r°(Fe)

55.845±0.002
55.845±0.002 (abridged)^[1]

Iron in the periodic table

Tin

–
↑
Fe
↓
Ru

manganese ← iron → cobalt

Atomic number (Z)

d-block

Electron configuration

[Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 14, 2

Physical properties

Phase at STP

solid

Melting point

1811 K (1538 °C, 2800 °F)

Boiling point

3134 K (2862 °C, 5182 °F)

Density (near r.t.)

7.874 g/cm³

when liquid (at m.p.)

6.98 g/cm³

Heat of fusion

13.81 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization

340 kJ/mol

Molar heat capacity

25.10 J/(mol·K)

Vapor pressure

P (Pa)	1	10	100	1 k	10 k	100 k
at T (K)	1728	1890	2091	2346	2679	3132

Atomic properties

Oxidation states

−4, −2, −1, 0, +1,^[2] +2, +3, +4, +5,^[3] +6, +7^[4] (an amphoteric oxide)

Electronegativity

Pauling scale: 1.83

Ionization energies

1st: 762.5 kJ/mol
2nd: 1561.9 kJ/mol
3rd: 2957 kJ/mol
(more)

Atomic radius

empirical: 126 pm

Covalent radius

Low spin: 132±3 pm
High spin: 152±6 pm

Van der Waals radius

194 [1] pm

Spectral lines of iron

Other properties

Natural occurrence

primordial

Crystal structure

body-centered cubic (bcc)

a=286.65 pm

Crystal structure

face-centered cubic (fcc)

between 1185–1667 K; a=364.680 pm

Speed of sound thin rod

5120 m/s (at r.t.) (electrolytic)

Thermal expansion

11.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)

Thermal conductivity

80.4 W/(m⋅K)

Electrical resistivity

96.1 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)

1043 K

211 GPa

82 GPa

170 GPa

0.29

608 MPa

200–1180 MPa

7439-89-6

History

Discovery

before 5000 BC

Symbol

"Fe": from Latin ferrum

Isotopes of iron

Main isotopes^[5]			Decay
	abundance	half-life (t_1/2)	mode	product
⁵⁴Fe	5.85%	stable
⁵⁵Fe	synth	2.73 y	ε	⁵⁵Mn
⁵⁶Fe	91.8%	stable
⁵⁷Fe	2.12%	stable
⁵⁸Fe	0.28%	stable
⁵⁹Fe	synth	44.6 d	β⁻	⁵⁹Co
⁶⁰Fe	trace	2.6×10⁶ y	β⁻	⁶⁰Co

Category: Iron
| references

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin ferrum 'iron') and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, just ahead of oxygen (32.1% and 30.1%, respectively), forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust, being mainly deposited by meteorites in its metallic state, with its ores also being found there.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

City of London
City, ceremonial county, local government district and central business district
Bank Junction, 2020
Flag Coat of arms
Nicknames: the Square Mile, the City
Motto(s): Domine Dirige Nos (Latin) "O Lord Direct us" (motto of City of London Corporation)
Location within Greater London
Coordinates: 51°30′56″N 00°05′35″WCoordinates: 51°30′56″N 00°05′35″W
Status	Sui generis; city and ceremonial county
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	England
Region	London
Roman settlement	c. 47 AD (Londinium)
Wessex resettlement	886 AD (Lundenburg)
Wards

Government
25 wards
• Body	City of London Corporation
• Lord Mayor	Nicholas Lyons
• Town Clerk	John Barradell
• Admin HQ	Guildhall
• London Assembly	Unmesh Desai (Lab; City and East)
• UK Parliament	Nickie Aiken (Con; Cities of London and Westminster)
Area
• City	1.12 sq mi (2.90 km²)
Highest elevation	69 ft (21 m)
Lowest elevation	0 ft (0 m)
Population (2021)
• City	8,583
• Rank	308th (of 309)
• Density	7,700/sq mi (3,000/km²)
Time zone	UTC±00:00 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+01:00 (BST)
Postcodes	EC, WC, E
Area code	020
Geocode	TQ32488134 (Grid ref.) 00AA (ONS code) E09000001 (GSS code)
ISO 3166-2	GB-LND
Police	City of London Police
Patron saint	St. Paul
Website	www.cityoflondon.gov.uk

City of London is a city, ceremonial county and local government district^{[note 1]} that contains the historic centre and constitutes, alongside Canary Wharf, the primary central business district in the London Region.^[2] It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the modern area named London has since grown far beyond the City of London boundary.^[3]^[4] The City is now only a small part of the metropolis of Greater London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, the City of London is not one of the London boroughs, a status reserved for the other 32 districts (including Greater London's only other city, the City of Westminster). It is also a separate ceremonial county, being an enclave surrounded by Greater London, and is the smallest ceremonial county in the United Kingdom.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wat Phra Kaew
Temple of the Emerald Buddha
View from the Outer Court of the Grand Palace
Religion
Affiliation	Theravada Buddhism
Location
Country	Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok, Thailand
Location within Bangkok
Geographic coordinates	13°45′5″N 100°29′33″ECoordinates: 13°45′5″N 100°29′33″E
Architecture
Founder	King Rama I
Completed	1784

This article contains Thai text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Thai script.

Wat Phra Kaew (Thai: วัดพระแก้ว, RTGS: Wat Phra Kaeo, pronounced [wát.pʰráʔ.kɛ̂ːw] (listen)), commonly known in English as the Temple of the Emerald Buddha and officially as Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram,^[a] is regarded as the most sacred Buddhist temple in Thailand. The complex consists of a number of buildings within the precincts of the Grand Palace in the historical centre of Bangkok. It houses the statue of the Emerald Buddha, which is venerated as the country's palladium.

Construction of the temple began in 1783 under the orders of Rama I, the first king of the Chakri dynasty. Since then, each successive king has been personally involved in adding, restoring and embellishing the temple during their reigns as a way of making religious merit and glorifying the dynasty. Many important state and royal ceremonies are held within the temple each year, presided by the king in person and attended by government officials. This makes the temple the nation's preeminent place of worship and a national shrine for the monarchy and the state. Throughout the years, each king has donated sacred and valuable objects to the temple, making it a treasury as well.

The temple complex comprises various buildings for specific religious purposes built in a variety of Thai architectural styles, while still adhering to the traditional principles of Thai religious architecture.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew

SIS Building
A view of SIS's Vauxhall Cross headquarters from Millbank in 2004

General information
Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap
Alternative names	MI6 Building^[1]^[2]^[3] Legoland^[4] Ceaușescu Towers^[5] Babylon-on-Thames^[6] Vauxhall Trollop^[7] The Ziggurat^[8]
Architectural style	Postmodern
Address	85 Albert Embankment, Vauxhall, Lambeth
Town or city	London
Country	United Kingdom
Coordinates	51°29′14″N 00°07′27″WCoordinates: 51°29′14″N 00°07′27″W
Completed	April 1994
Inaugurated	14 July 1994
Client	Secret Intelligence Service
Owner	HM Government
Technical details
Floor area	252,497 square feet (23,457.7 m²)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Terry Farrell and Partners
Main contractor	John Laing plc
Other information
Public transit access	Vauxhall

The SIS Building or MI6 Building at Vauxhall Cross houses the headquarters of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, MI6), the United Kingdom's foreign intelligence agency. It is located at 85 Albert Embankment in Vauxhall, a south western part of central London, on the bank of the River Thames beside Vauxhall Bridge. The building has been the headquarters of the SIS since 1994.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIS_Building

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

St Mark's Basilica
Basilica di San Marco

Main façade of St Mark's Basilica at Piazza San Marco

Location

Venice, Italy

Denomination

Catholic Church

Consecrated

8 October 1094

Titular saint

Mark the Evangelist

History

Current status

Designation

Cathedral (minor basilica)
1807–present

Episcopal see

Patriarchate of Venice

Prior status

Designation

Ducal chapel
c. 836–1797

Tutelage

Doge of Venice

Building details


Central nave looking east

Construction

Built

c. 829–c. 836

Rebuilt

c. 1063–1094

Styles

Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic

Specifications

Length

76.5 metres (251 ft)

Width

62.6 metres (205 ft)

Outer height
(central dome)

43 metres (141 ft)

Inner height
(central dome)

28.15 metres (92.4 ft)^[1]

Map

Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

The Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark (Italian: Basilica Cattedrale Patriarcale di San Marco), commonly known as St Mark's Basilica (Italian: Basilica di San Marco; Venetian: Baxéłega de San Marco), is the cathedral church of the Catholic Patriarchate of Venice; it became the episcopal seat of the Patriarch of Venice in 1807, replacing the earlier cathedral of San Pietro di Castello. It is dedicated to and holds the relics of Saint Mark the Evangelist, the patron saint of the city.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Trafalgar Square
Construction
View of the square in 2009
Location within Central London
Former name(s)	Charing Cross
Namesake	Battle of Trafalgar
Maintained by	Greater London Authority
Location	City of Westminster, London, England
Postal code	WC2
Coordinates	51°30′29″N 00°07′41″WCoordinates: 51°30′29″N 00°07′41″W
North	Charing Cross Road
East	The Strand
South	Northumberland Avenue Whitehall
West	The Mall
Completion	c. 1840
Other
Designer	Sir Charles Barry
Website	www.london.gov.uk/trafalgarsquare

Trafalgar Square (/trəˈfælɡər/ trə-FAL-gər) is a public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, established in the early 19th century around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. The Square's name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, the British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars over France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Swiss cantons Schweizer Kantone (German) Cantons suisses (French) Cantoni Svizzeri (Italian) Chantuns svizras (Romansh)
Also known as: Stände, États, Stati
Valais Ticino Grisons Geneva Vaud Neuchâtel Jura Bern Thurgau Zürich Aargau Lucerne Solothurn Basel-Landschaft Schaffhausen Uri Schwyz Glarus St. Gallen Appenzell Innerrhoden Appenzell Ausserrhoden Obwalden Nidwalden Zug Fribourg Basel-Stadt France Italy Liechten- stein Austria Germany
Category	Federated state
Location	Switzerland
Found in	Country
Created	13th century
Number	26 cantons (as of 1979)
Populations	16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) – 1,487,969 (Canton of Zürich)
Areas	37 km² (14 sq mi) – 7,105 km² (2,743 sq mi)
Government	List of cantonal executives of Switzerland
Subdivisions	Districts and municipalities

The 26 cantons of Switzerland^[1] are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte. Two important periods in the development of the Old Swiss Confederacy are summarized by the terms Acht Orte ('Eight Cantons'; from 1353–1481) and Dreizehn Orte ('Thirteen Cantons', from 1513–1798).^[2]

Each canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy, formerly also Ort ('lieu/locality', from before 1450), or Stand ('estate', from c. 1550), was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from at least the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848, with a brief period of centralised government during the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). The term Kanton has been widely used since the 19th century.^[3]

The number of cantons was increased to 19 with the Act of Mediation (1803), with the recognition of former subject territories as full cantons. The Federal Treaty of 1815 increased the number to 22 due to the accession of former associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The canton of Jura acceded as the 23rd canton with its secession from Bern in 1979.^[4] The official number of cantons was increased to 26 in the federal constitution of 1999, which designated former half-cantons as cantons.

The areas of the cantons vary from 37 km² (15 sq. mi.) (canton of Basel-Stadt) to 7,105 km² (2743 sq. mi.) (canton of the Grisons); the populations (as of 2018) range from 16,000 (canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden) to 1.5 million (canton of Zürich).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Estate

Longleat House, Wiltshire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy_house

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_order

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower

Bartholomeus Spranger, Hercules, Deianira and Nessus, 1580–85

Northern Mannerism is the form of Mannerism found in the visual arts north of the Alps in the 16th and early 17th centuries.^[1] Styles largely derived from Italian Mannerism were found in the Netherlands and elsewhere from around the mid-century, especially Mannerist ornament in architecture; this article concentrates on those times and places where Northern Mannerism generated its most original and distinctive work.

The three main centres of the style were in France, especially in the period 1530–1550, in Prague from 1576, and in the Netherlands from the 1580s—the first two phases very much led by royal patronage. In the last 15 years of the century, the style, by then becoming outdated in Italy, was widespread across northern Europe, spread in large part through prints. In painting, it tended to recede rapidly in the new century, under the new influence of Caravaggio and the early Baroque, but in architecture and the decorative arts, its influence was more sustained.^[2]

Stucco overdoor at Fontainebleau, probably designed by Primaticcio, who painted the oval inset

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mannerism

Nikiya Anton Bettey 2021

Blog Archive

Sunday, May 21, 2023

05-20-2023-2348 - variety, etc. (variety continued...) (draft)

History

Fortreys and Capels

List of commemorative coins of the Soviet Union

Coins made of copper-nickel alloy

Silver coins

Gold coins

Platinum coins

Palladium coins

References and sources

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