| Urechidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Urechis unicinctus at a market in Korea | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Polychaeta |
| Subclass: | Echiura |
| Order: | Echiuroidea |
| Family: | Urechidae Monro, 1927[2] |
| Genus: | Urechis Seitz, 1907[1] |
| Species | |
Urechidae (commonly known as "fat innkeeper" or "penis fish")[3][4] is a family of spoonworms in the subclass Echiura. The only genus in the family is Urechis, which has four species.
Species
The World Register of Marine Species includes these species in this genus:-[1]
- Urechis caupo Fisher & MacGinitie, 1928
- Urechis chilensis (M. Müller, 1852)
- Urechis novaezealandiae (Dendy, 1898)
- Urechis unicinctus (Drasche, 1880)
References
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urechidae
| Phyllodocidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Phyllodoce lineata with everted pharynx | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Suborder: | Phyllodociformia |
| Family: | Phyllodocidae Ørsted, 1843 [1] |
| Genera | |
|
See text | |
Phyllodocidae is a family of polychaete worms. Worms in this family live on the seabed and may burrow under the sediment.
Characteristics
Members of the Phyllodocidae are characterised by an eversible pharynx and leaf-like dorsal cirri. The head has a pair of antennae at the front, a pair of ventral palps and a single median antenna known as a "nuchal papilla". There is a pair of nuchal organs and there may or may not be a pair of eyes. The first two or three body segments may be part-fused and bear up to four pairs of tentacular cirri. The remaining body segments each bear leaf-like dorsal and ventral cirri, the dorsal ones being larger. The parapodia are uniramous or biramous, and chaetae are present on all but the first segment.[2]
Genera
The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genera :[1]
- Subfamily Eteoninae Bergström, 1914
- Genus Eteone Savigny, 1818
- Genus Eulalia Savigny, 1822
- Genus Eumida Malmgren, 1865
- Genus Galapagomystides Blake, 1985
- Genus Hesionura Hartmann-Schröder, 1958
- Genus Hypereteone Bergström, 1914
- Genus Mystides Théel, 1879
- Genus Protomystides Czerniavsky, 1882
- Genus Pseudomystides Bergström, 1914
- Genus Pterocirrus Claparède, 1868
- Genus Sige Malmgren, 1865
- Subfamily Notophyllinae Pleijel, 1991
- Genus Austrophyllum Bergström, 1914
- Genus Clavadoce Hartman, 1936
- Genus Nereiphylla Blainville, 1828
- Genus Notophyllum Örsted, 1843
- Subfamily Phyllodocinae Örsted, 1843
- Genus Chaetoparia Malmgren, 1867
- Genus Levisettius Thompson, 1979 †
- Genus Paranaitis Southern, 1914
- Genus Phyllodoce Lamarck, 1818
References
- Australian Biological Resources Study (2000). Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Csiro Publishing. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-643-06571-0.
 | This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
- "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Phyllodocidae Örsted, 1843". www.marinespecies.org.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllodocidae
| Aphroditidae | |
|---|---|
.jpg)
| |
| Aphrodita aculeata | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Suborder: | Aphroditiformia |
| Family: | Aphroditidae Malmgren, 1867 |
Aphroditidae is a family of annelids belonging to the order Phyllodocida.[1]
Genera
![[icon]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2021) |
Genera:[1]
- Aphrodita Linnaeus, 1758
- Aphrogenia Kinberg, 1856
- Cyanippa Lucas, 1840
References
- "Aphroditidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphroditidae
| Arenicolidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cast and depression caused by buried Arenicola marina. | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Clade: | Maldanomorpha |
| Family: | Arenicolidae Johnston 1835 |
| Type genus | |
| Arenicola Lamarck, 1801
| |
| Genera | |
Arenicolidae is a family of marine polychaete worms. They are commonly known as lugworms and the little coils of sand they produce are commonly seen on the beach. Arenicolids are found worldwide, mostly living in burrows in sandy substrates. Most are detritivores but some graze on algae.[1]
Description
The arenicolids are characterised by an elongated cylindrical body separated into two or three distinct regions. The prostomium has no appendages or palps. There are one or two anterior segments without setae. On the other segments, all the setae are unbranched, including the capillary setae and the rostrate uncini. The notopodia are bluntly truncate and the neuropodia are elongated tori forming long transverse welts in some of the setigers. The notosetae have either a capillary function or act as limbs and the neurosetae are rostrate hooks. There are branchiae present on some of the setigers in the middle or posterior regions.[2] Apart from the genus Branchiomaldane, the lugworms are not easy to confuse with other polychaetes. Their tough cuticle and their distinct branchial region with strongly tufted branchiae are characteristic.
Classification
The family Arenicolidae contains 4 genera and 24 species.[3]
- Abarenicola Wells 1959 – 11 species
- Arenicola Lamarck 1801 – 7 species
- Arenicolides Mesnil 1898 – 2 species
- Branchiomaldane Langerhans 1881 – 4 species
There are also three uncertain genera.[4]
See also
References
External links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenicolidae
| Aspidosiphonidae | |
|---|---|
.jpg)
| |
| Aspidosiphon steenstrupii | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Sipuncula |
| Order: | Aspidosiphonida |
| Family: | Aspidosiphonidae Quatrefages, 1865 |
| Genera | |
| |
Aspidosiphonidae is a family of peanut worms. It is the only family in the monotypic order Aspidosiphonida, which is in the class Phascolosomatidea.[1][2][3][4][5]
Description
The family Aspidosiphonidae is characterized by an oval disk with short tentacles, arranged in a crescent-shape made of an enclosed nuchal organ. It has a canal of sacs in the coelom, lying in a continuous band. The anal and caudal shield (at the anterior end) are both made up, not of chitin, but of a horny protein. It is of note that most, but not all, of the Aspidosiphonidae family has a caudal shield. The family also has two nephridia.[1][2][4][5]
Species
Aspidosiphon
- Aspidosiphon albus Murina, 1967[4][5][6]
- Aspidosiphon coyi de Quatrefages, 1865[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon elegans (Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821)[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon exiguus Edmonds 1974[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon fischeri Broeke, A. ten, 1925[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon gosnoldi Cutler, E., 1981[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon gracilis (Baird, 1868)[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon laevis de Quatrefages, 1865[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon mexicanus Murina, 1967[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon misakiensis Ikeda 1904[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon muelleri Diesing 1851[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon parvulus Gerould, 1913[4][5][6]
- Aspidosiphon planoscutatus Murina, 1968[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon spiralis Sluiter, 1902[4][5][6]
- Aspidosiphon steenstrupii Diesing, 1859[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon tenuis Sluiter, 1886[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon thomassini Cutler and Cutler, 1979[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon venabulum Selenka & Bulow, 1883[4][5]
- Aspidosiphon zinni Cutler, 1969[4][5][6]
Cloeosiphon
- Cloeosiphon aspergillus (de Quatrefages, 1865)[4][5]
Lithacrosiphon
- Lithacrosiphon cristatus (Sluiter, 1902)[4][5]
- Lithacrosiphon maldivensis Shipley 1902[4][5]
References
- Cutler, Edward B. (1973): Sipuncula of the Western North Atlantic. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 152(3)103-201. New York.
External links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidosiphonidae
| Aspidosiphon elegans | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Sipuncula |
| Order: | Aspidosiphonida |
| Family: | Aspidosiphonidae |
| Genus: | Aspidosiphon |
| Species: | A. elegans
|
| Binomial name | |
| Aspidosiphon elegans | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Aspidosiphon elegans is a species of unsegmented benthic marine worm in the phylum Sipuncula, the peanut worms. It is a bioeroding species and burrows into limestone rocks, stones and corals. It occurs in the western Indo-Pacific region, the Red Sea, and the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, and is invasive in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Description
Aspidosiphon elegans can grow up to 80 mm (3 in) in length, but 25 mm (1.0 in) is a more usual size. The introvert is at least as long as the trunk and both are smooth and white. The tip of the introvert bears the oral disc with the mouth and six to twelve short tentacles. The distal part of the introvert bears rings of two-pronged hooks while the proximal part bears scattered, dark-coloured conical hooks. The anal shield is ungrooved while the caudal shield is poorly developed and paler in colour than the anal shield. There are a pair of light-sensitive eye spots and a pair of nephridia.[2][3]
Distribution and habitat
This peanut worm is found in shallow waters in the northwestern Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, and the Levantine Sea, having arrived there at the latest by 1957 after the opening of the Suez Canal.[3] It also occurs on the Atlantic coast of Central America, but not on the Pacific coast.[4] It is a bioeroding organism and burrows into limestone rocks and stones, as well as coral heads, coralline algae and the shells of bivalve molluscs.[2]
Ecology
In the Mediterranean Sea, this species was found burrowing in calcareous rocks, in coralline algae (Corallina mediterranea) and in the mussel (Brachidontes pharaonis),[3] another organism that has invaded the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal.[5] In this locality, there were said to be 25 individuals per square metre.[3]
Reproduction in this species is by transverse fission; a constriction appears at the posterior end of the trunk, gradually deepening until the part becomes detached, with regeneration of the main body components then following.[3][6]
References
- Rice, Mary E.; Pilger, John F. (1988). "Sipuncula" (PDF). Retrieved 6 February 2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidosiphon_elegans
| Bonelliidae | |
|---|---|
_PC301461.JPG)
| |
| Bonellia viridis (adult female) | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Polychaeta |
| Subclass: | Echiura |
| Order: | Echiuroidea |
| Suborder: | Bonelliida |
| Family: | Bonelliidae Lacaze-Duthiers, 1858[1] |
| Genera[1] | |
Bonelliidae is a family of marine worms (Subclass Echiura, of the class Polychaeta, in the phylum Annelida) noted for being sexually dimorphic, with males being tiny in comparison with the females. They occupy burrows in the seabed in many parts of the world's oceans, often at great depths.
Characteristics
Members of the class Echiura are plump, unsegmented worms, commonly known as spoonworms. The mouth is at the anterior end of the trunk and a flattened proboscis extends forward in front of the mouth. The ventral side of the proboscis has a ciliated channel along which food particles and mucus are moved towards the mouth. Close behind the mouth are two hooked chaetae and one or two nephridial pores. The gut is much longer than the body and is folded and coiled inside the coelom (body cavity). The anus is at the posterior end of the body and two anal vesicles with ciliated funnels open into the cloaca.[2]
In the family Bonelliidae, the females are very much larger than the dwarf males, and in most, if not all, instances the males live on or inside the female. The anal vesicles of the females are sac-like and bear the ciliated funnels on tubules, which branch in most genera. Some genera lack the hooked chaetae behind the mouth, and none of the genera have chaetae at the posterior end of the trunk.[2] Most genera contain the pigment bonellin which gives them a green colour and may have antibiotic or defensive properties.[3]
Males are quite different in appearance; the minute, ciliated body consists of little except a gonad, a seminal vesicle and two protonephridia. In most species, the male is found inside the genital sac of the female. The sex of a bonelliid spoonworm depends where the planktonic larva settles. If it settles on an adult worm of its own species, it develops into a dwarf male, but if it settles anywhere else, it develops into a full-size female.[3]
Distribution and habitat
Members of this family live in both warm and cold seas at a range of depths, with 60% of species living deeper than 3,000 m (10,000 ft) and some at abyssal depths greater than 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The worms inhabit burrows they dig in soft sediment, extending the flattened proboscis from the burrow along the surface of the sediment.[3]
Genera
The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genera in the family:-[1]
- Acanthobonellia Fisher, 1948
- Acanthohamingia Ikeda, 1910
- Achaetobonellia Fisher, 1953
- Alomasoma Zenkevitch, 1958
- Amalosoma Fisher, 1948
- Archibonellia Fischer, 1919
- Bengalus Biseswar, 2006
- Biporus Murina & Popkov, 2000
- Bonellia Rolando, 1822
- Bruunellia Zenkevitch, 1966
- Charcotus DattaGupta, 1981
- Choanostomellia Zenkevitch, 1964
- Dattaguptus Murina & Popkov, 2000
- Eubonellia Fisher, 1946
- Hamingia Danielssen & Koren, 1880
- Ikedella Monro, 1927
- Jakobia Zenkevitch, 1958
- Kurchatovus DattaGupta, 1977
- Maxmuelleria Bock, 1942
- Metabonellia Stephen & Edmonds, 1972
- Nellobia Fisher, 1946
- Prometor Fisher, 1948
- Protobonellia Ikeda, 1908
- Pseudobonellia Johnston & Tiegs, 1919
- Pseudoikedella Murina, 1978
- Sluiterina Monro, 1927
- Torbenwolffia Zenkevitch, 1966
- Vitjazema Zenkevitch, 1958
- Zenkevitchiola Murina, 1978
See also
References
- Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 490–494. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonelliidae
| Erpobdellidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Erpobdella octoculata | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclass: | Hirudinea |
| Order: | Arhynchobdellida |
| Suborder: | Erpobdelliformes |
| Family: | Erpobdellidae Blanchard, 1894 |
| Genera | |
| |
Erpobdellidae is a family of leeches. It is one of the four families belonging to the suborder Erpobdelliformes of the proboscisless leeches order, Arhynchobdellida.[1]
Their members have abandoned the blood feeding habits of their ancestors and are instead predators of aquatic invertebrates. The family previously contained seven genera, but Siddall (2002) synonymized five genera (Croatobranchus, Dina, Mooreobdella, Trocheta and Nephelopsis) into the genus Erpobdella based on morphogenetic analysis, with the remaining genus Motobdella possibly a sister group and thus retained. This decision was not accepted by scientific community.[2]
The family currently contains 3 genera Erpobdella, Dina and Motobdella.[1][2][3]
The genus Mimobdella was also sometimes included within Erpobdellidae or Gastrostomobdellidae but is now accepted to be under the family Salifidae.[4]
References
- Takafumi Nakano (2011). "Holotype redescription of Mimobdella japonica (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and taxonomic status of the genus Mimobdella" (PDF). ZooKeys (119): 1–10. doi:10.3897/zookeys.119.1501. PMC 3192424. PMID 21998513.
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erpobdellidae
| Nephtyidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Nephtys hombergii | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Family: | Nephtyidae |
| Genera | |
Nephtyidae is a family of polychaete worms.[1] They are commonly referred to as catworms.[2]
Characteristics
Nephtyidae are pale, clearly segmented polychaetes with a small pentagonal prostomium with two pairs of small antennae. Their segments are little differentiated and have a rectangular cross-section.[3]
Nephtyids are active predators, with a strong muscular proboscis, armed with two well developed jaws.[4]
They can dig relatively fast through sandy sediments. They can also swim with sinuous movements.[5]
References
- "MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network - A catworm (Nephtys hombergii)". www.marlin.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephtyidae
| Sabellidae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Sabellidae worm, probably Sabellastarte sp. | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Sabellida |
| Family: | Sabellidae Malmgren, 1867 |
| Subfamilies | |
Sabellidae, or feather duster worms, are a family of marine polychaete tube worms characterized by protruding feathery branchiae. Sabellids build tubes out of a tough, parchment-like exudate, strengthened with sand and bits of shell. Unlike the other sabellids, the genus Glomerula secretes a tube of calcium carbonate instead. Sabellidae can be found in subtidal habitats around the world. Their oldest fossils are known from the Early Jurassic.[1][2]
Characteristics
Feather-duster worms have a crown of feeding appendages or radioles in two fan-shaped clusters projecting from their tubes when under water. Each radiole has paired side branches making a two-edged comb for filter feeding. Most species have a narrow collar below the head. The body segments are smooth and lack parapodia. The usually eight thoracic segments bear capillaries dorsally and hooked chaetae (bristles) ventrally. The abdominal segments are similar, but with the position of the capillaries and chaetae reversed. The posterior few abdominal segments may form a spoon-shaped hollow on the ventral side. Size varies between tiny and over 10 cm (4in) long. Some small species can bend over and extend their tentacles to the sea floor to collect detritus.[3]
_yellow.jpg)
.jpg)
Genera
The following genera belong to the family:[4]
- Amphicorina
- Amphiglena
- Anamobaea
- Aracia
- Bispira
- Branchiomma
- Chone
- Claviramus
- Clymeneis
- Desdemona
- Dialychone
- Euchone
- Eudistylia
- Euratella
- Fabricia
- Fabriciola
- Glomerula
- Haplobranchus
- Hypsicomus
- Jasmineira
- Laonome
- Manayunkia
- Megalomma
- Myxicola
- Notaulax
- Novafabricia
- Oriopsis
- Panoumethus
- Panousea
- Parasabella
- Perkinsiana
- Potamethus Chamberlin, 1919[5]
- Potamilla
- Pseudobranchiomma
- Pseudofabricia
- Pseudofabriciola
- Pseudopotamilla
- Sabella
- Sabellastarte
- Sabellomma
- Sabellonga
- Schizobranchia
- Terebrasabella
References
- WoRMS: 129543
External links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabellidae
| Salifidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Barbronia weberi | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclass: | Hirudinea |
| Order: | Arhynchobdellida |
| Suborder: | Erpobdelliformes |
| Family: | Salifidae |
Salifidae is a family of annelids belonging to the order Arhynchobdellida.[1]
Genera:[1]
- Barbronia Johansson, 1918
- Linta Westergren & Siddall, 2004
- Lumbricobdella Kennel, 1886
- Mimobdella
- Odontobdella
- Salifa Blanchard, 1897
References
- "Salifidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salifidae
| Serpulidae Temporal range: Permian - present
| |
|---|---|
.jpg)
| |
| Spirobranchus giganteus is a species of tubeworm belonging to the Serpulidae family. Note the yellowish cartilaginous operculum extending from the branchial stalk. | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Sabellida |
| Family: | Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815[2] |
| Genera | |
The Serpulidae are a family of sessile, tube-building annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. The members of this family differ from other sabellid tube worms in that they have a specialized operculum that blocks the entrance of their tubes when they withdraw into the tubes. In addition, serpulids secrete tubes of calcium carbonate. Serpulids are the most important biomineralizers among annelids. About 300 species in the family Serpulidae are known, all but one of which live in saline waters.[3] The earliest serpulids are known from the Permian (Wordian to late Permian).[1]
The blood of most species of serpulid and sabellid worms contains the oxygen-binding pigment chlorocruorin. This is used to transport oxygen to the tissues. It has an affinity for carbon monoxide which is 570 times as strong as that of the haemoglobin found in human blood.[4]
Empty serpulid shells can sometimes be confused with the shells of a family of marine gastropod mollusks, the Vermetidae or worm snails. The most obvious difference is that serpulid shells are dull inside, whereas the molluscan vermetid shells are shiny inside.
Selected genera
- Amplicaria Knight-Jones, 1984
- Anomalorbis Vine, 1972
- Apomatus Philippi, 1844
- Bathyvermilia Zibrowius, 1973
- Bushiella Knight-Jones, 1973
- Capeospira Pillai, 1970
- Chitinopoma Levinsen, 1884
- Circeis Saint-Joseph, 1894
- Crucigera Benedict, 1887
- Dextralia Knight-Jones, 1973
- Ditrupa Berkeley, 1835
- Eulaeospira Pillai, 1970
- Ficopomatus Sauthern, 1921
- Filograna Berkeley, 1835[5]
- Filogranella Ben-Eliahu and Dafni, 1979
- Filogranula Langerhans, 1884
- Galeolaria Lamarck, J.B. de (1818)
- Hyalopotamus Marenzeller, 1878
- Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768
- Janua Saint-Joseph, 1894
- Josephella Caullery and Mesnil, 1896
- Leodora Saint-Joseph, 1894
- Metavermilia Bush, 1904
- Neodexiospira Pillai, 1970
- Neovermila Day, 1961
- Nidificaria
- Paradexiospira Caullery and Mesnil, 1897
- Paralaeospira Caullery and Mesnil, 1897
- Pileolaria Claparede, 1870
- Placostegus Philippi, 1844
- Pomatoceros Philippi, 1844
- Pomatoleios Pixell, 1912
- Pomatostegus Schmarda, 1861
- Protolaeospira Pixell, 1912
- Protula Risso, 1826
- Pseudochitinopoma Zibrowius, 1969
- Pseudovermilia Bush, 1907
- †Rotularia Defrance, 1827
- Salmacina Claparede, 1870
- Semivermila Imajima, 1978
- Serpula Linnaeus, 1767 Type genus
- Simplicaria Knight-Jones, 1973
- Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818
- Spirorbis Daudin, 1800
- Turbocavus Prentiss et al., 2014[6]
- Vermiliopsis Saint-Joseph, 1894
- Vinearia
Spirorbis sp.
References
- Citations
- Prentiss, N.K.; Vasileiadou, K.; Faulwetter, S.; et al. (2014). "A new genus and species of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta, Sabellida) from the Caribbean Sea" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3900 (2): 204–222. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3900.2.2. PMC 4340580. PMID 25543733.
- General
- Abbott, R. Tucker (1986). Seashells of North America. St. Martin's Press.
- ten Hove, H.A.; van den Hurk, P. (1993). "A review of recent and fossil serpulid 'reefs'; actuopalaeontology and the 'Upper Malm' serpulid limestones in NW Germany". Geologie en Mijnbouw. 72 (1): 23–67.
- Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S. & Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Inc. ISBN 0-03-025982-7.
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpulidae
| Sipunculidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Sipunculus nudus | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Sipuncula |
| Order: | Golfingiida |
| Family: | Sipunculidae Rafinesque, 1814 |
| Genera | |
Sipunculidae is a family of peanut worms.[1]
Species
Phascolopsis
- Phascolopsis gouldii (De Pourtalés, 1851)
Siphonomecus
- Siphonomecus multicinctus Fisher 1947
Siphonosoma
- Siphonosoma arcassonense (Cuenot, 1902)
- Siphonosoma australe (Keferstein, 1865)
- Siphonosoma boholense (Selenka, de Man & Bülow, 1883)
- Siphonosoma cumanense (Keferstein, 1867)
- Siphonosoma dayi Stephen 1942
- Siphonosoma funafuti (Shipley, 1898)
- Siphonosoma ingens (Fisher, 1952)
- Siphonosoma mourense Satô, 1930
- Siphonosoma rotumanum (Shipley, 1898)
- Siphonosoma vastum (Selenka & Bülow, 1883)
Sipunculus
- Sipunculus indicus Peters, 1850
- Sipunculus lomonossovi Murina 1968
- Sipunculus longipapillosus Murina 1968
- Sipunculus marcusi Ditadi 1976
- Sipunculus mundanus Selenka and Bulow, 1883
- Sipunculus norvegicus Danielssen, 1869
- Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766
- Sipunculus phalloides (Pallas, 1774)
- Sipunculus polymyotus Fisher 1947
- Sipunculus robustus Keferstein 1865
Xenosiphon
- Xenosiphon absconditus Saiz 1984
- Xenosiphon branchiatus (Fischer, 1895)
References
- "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Sipunculidae Rafinesque, 1814". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
 | This protostome-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipunculidae
| Spinther | |
|---|---|
.jpeg)
| |
| Spinther citrinus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Subclass: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | Spintheridae Augener, 1913
|
| Genus: | Spinther Johnston, 1845
|
| Species | |
|
see text | |
Spintheridae is a family of marine polychaete worms with a single genus, Spinther, containing these species:[1]
- Spinther alaskensis Hartman, 1948
- Spinther arcticus (M. Sars, 1851) (includes Spinther miniaceus Grube, 1860)
- Spinther australiensis Augener, 1913
- Spinther citrinus (Stimpson, 1854)
- Spinther ericinus Yamamoto & Imajima, 1985
- Spinther hystrix Uschakov, 1950
- Spinther japonicus Imajima and Hartman, 1964
- Spinther oniscoides Johnston, 1845
- Spinther sagamiensis Imajima, 2003
- Spinther usarpia Hartman, 1967
- Spinther vegae Augener, 1928 (includes Spinther wireni Hartman, 1948)[2]
The animal lives as a symbiont on sponges.
Johnston's paper does not explain the choice of the name, but ancient Greek σπινθήρ means "spark." In images of the living animal, it appears to be surrounded by a cloud of pinpoints of light.[3][4]
References
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinther
 |
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (May 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. |
|
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. (May 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. |
| Lumbricidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lumbricus terrestris, the common European earthworm | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Order: | Opisthopora |
| Superfamily: | Lumbricoidea |
| Family: | Lumbricidae Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 |
| Genera | |
|
See text | |
The Lumbricidae are a family of earthworms. About 33 lumbricid species have become naturalized around the world,[1] but the bulk of the species are in the Holarctic region: from Canada (e.g. Bimastos lawrenceae on Vancouver Island) and the United States (e.g. Eisenoides carolinensis, Eisenoides lonnbergi and most Bimastos spp.) and throughout Eurasia to Japan (e.g. Eisenia japonica, E. koreana and Helodrilus hachiojii). An enigmatic species in Tasmania is Eophila eti. Currently, 670 valid species and subspecies in about 42 genera are recognized.[2] This family includes the majority of earthworm species well known to Europeans.
Genera
The family consists of the following genera:
- Allolobophora Eisen, 1874
- Alpodinaridella Mršić, 1987
- Aporrectodea Orley, 1885
- Bimastos Moore, 1893
- Castellodrilus Qiu & Bouché, 1998 stat. nov.[3]
- Cataladrilus Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Cernosvitovia Omodeo, 1956
- Creinella Mršić, 1986
- Dendrobaena Eisen, 1874
- Eisenia Malm, 1877
- Eiseniella Michaelsen, 1900
- Eiseniona Omodeo, 1956
- Eophila Rosa, 1893
- Ethnodrilus Bouché, 1972
- Eumenescolex Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Fitzingeria Zicsi, 1978
- Gatesona Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Healyella Omodeo & Rota, 1989
- Helodrilus Hoffmeister, 1845
- Heraclescolex Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Iberoscolex Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Italobalkaniona Mršić & Šapkarev, 1988
- Kenleenus Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Kritodrilus Dumnicka, 1983
- Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758
- Meroandriella Mršić, 1987
- Octodriloides Zicsi, 1986
- Octodrilus Omodeo, 1956
- Octolasion Örley, 1885
- Octolasium Michaelsen, 1900
- Omilurus Templeton, 1836
- Orodrilus Bouché, 1972
- Perelia Easton, 1983
- Philomontanus Bozorgi, Seiedy, Malek, Aira, Pérez-Losada & Domínguez, 2019
- Pietromodeona Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Postandrilus Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Proctodrilus Zicsi, 1985
- Prosellodrilus Bouché, 1972
- Reynoldsia Qiu & Bouché, 1998
- Satchellius Gates, 1975
- Scherotheca Bouché, 1972
- Spermophorodrilus Bouché, 1975
- Tetragonurus Eisen, 1874
- Zophoscolex Qiu & Bouché, 1998
Range
The worms in the family Lumbricidae originate from Europe, but over time members of the family have since been introduced and spread around the globe.[4]
Europe
Members of Lumbricidae are native to Europe and are most diverse in southern Europe.[4] There are 30 species from the family in Ireland and Britain. Notably, a single mature individual of the species Prosellodrilus amplisetosus was found in a survey of soil biodiversity in Ireland. P. amplisetosis had never been recorded in Ireland before and is commonly found in France or Spain. It is thought to have been introduced by humans through agricultural supplies.[5] Another interesting case is of the species Dendrobaena attemsi in Scandinavia. They were first found in a national park in Sweden, the furthest north the species have been found. The discovery of D. attemsi implies the range of the species is increasing north.[6] It is not only in Sweden that species of Lumbricidae are expanding their range. Many of the species found in Finland are exhibiting similar increases in range[7] and Lumbricidae worms are also expanding into Northeastern Europe, starting from the near Baltic sea.[8]
A 2022 molecular phylogenetic study of the highly diverse Franco-Iberian genus Zophoscolex showed most of the Iberian species to form a distinct clade, formally described as Castellodrilus stat. nov..[3] Other species were moved to the genera Cataladrilus and Compostelandrilus, with the remaining species remaining in Zophoscolex restricted to French representatives.[3]
Asia
Lumbricidae make up the majority of earthworms found in China, despite not being native to the area.[4]
At higher elevations in India, some species of Lumbicidae can be found.[4]
North America
When European settlers came to North America, so did European earthworms like the Lumbricidae. Before this, the area in North America where glaciers had been were mostly worm-free.[9] Lumbricidae worms are known to be expanding into the Great Lakes region.[8] The introduced worms have an impact on the native species and environments. Species from the family, such as Lumbricus rubelles, are believed to have displaced the local species in a number of regions.[10] In others, Lumbricidae species outnumber the native species in terms of biomass. Despite this, they are not as productive, in terms of processing nitrogen and phosphorus, as the native species.[11] Lumbricidae worms also tend to have a higher species richness than native North American worms, though the species richness of both the native and Lumbricidae decreases with increasing latitudes.[12]
New Zealand and Australia
Similar to North America, worms from the family were introduced to New Zealand and Australia by European settlers.[13][4]
Predators
Harvestmen, especially from the genera Leiobunum and Hadrobunus, are known to consume Lumbricidae earthworms. This happens mostly in temperate regions.[14] Another species known to prey on Lumbricidae is the Bannan caecilian. Lumbricidae are an important part of its diet.[15]
References
- Ngo, Binh V.; Hoang, Nghiep T.; Ngo, Chung D. (2014). "Diet of the Bannan Caecilian Ichthyophis bannanicus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam". Journal of Herpetology. 48 (4): 506–513. doi:10.1670/13-113. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 43287479. S2CID 84992833.
External links
- Earthworm Society of Britain – information on British earthworms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbricidae
| Ikedidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ikeda sp., marine worm. Port Phillip, Victoria. | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Polychaeta |
| Subclass: | Echiura |
| Order: | Echiuroidea |
| Suborder: | Bonelliida |
| Family: | Ikedidae Bock, 1942[2] |
| Genus: | Ikeda Wharton, 1913[1] |
| Species | |
Ikedidae is a family of spoon worms in the suborder Bonelliida. It is a monotypic family, the only genus being Ikeda. These worms burrow into soft sediment on the seabed.
Examination of the original material of Ikeda taenoides by Teruaki Nishikawa in 2002 showed that the longitudinal muscle layer lay between the circular layer and the oblique layer, as in all other echiurans, throwing the validity of the family Ikedidae into doubt. Nishikawa advocates that the family be regarded as a junior synonym of Echiuridae.[3]
Species
The World Register of Marine Species recognises the following species in the genus:-[1]
- Ikeda pirotansis (Menon & DattaGupta, 1962)
- Ikeda taenioides (Ikeda, 1904)
References
- Nishikawa, Teruaki (2002). "Comments on the taxonomic status of Ikeda taenioides with some amendments in the classification of the phylum Echiura". Zoological Science. 19 (10): 1175–1180. doi:10.2108/zsj.19.1175.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikedidae
| Hesionidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Oxydromus pugettensis | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Suborder: | Nereidiformia |
| Family: | Hesionidae Grube, 1850 |
| Subfamilies | |
|
Hesioninae | |
Hesionidae are a family of phyllodocid "bristle worms" (class Polychaeta). They are (like almost all polychaetes) marine organisms. Most are found on the continental shelf; Hesiocaeca methanicola is found on methane ice, where it feeds on bacterial biofilms.[1]
A characteristic apomorphy of the Hesionidae are the cirrophores of the anterior segments, which are well-developed cup-like sheaths; the cirri of the subsequent segments insert into the parapodia directly, or with just a vestigial cirrophore.[2]
Systematics
As phyllodocids, the Hesionidae belong to the order Aciculata, one of the three main clades of polychaetes. They appear to be part of the basal radiation of the main lineage of phyllodocids, alongside such families as the ragworms (Nereididae), the Pilargidae and Sphaerodoridae which are closely related to each other, the very ancient Syllidae, and perhaps the more advanced catworms (Nephtyidae). [3]
Numerous genera are still treated as Hesionidae incertae sedis, not reliably assignable to either of the three generally recognized hesionid subfamilies:[4]
- Alikuhnia (including Anophthalmus Alikunhi, 1949 (non Schmidt, 1844: preoccupied))
- Anoplonereis Giard, 1882
- Cirrosyllis Schmarda, 1861
- Elisesione Salazar-Vallejo, 2016[5]
- Friedericiella
- Hesiodeira Blake & Hilbig, 1990
- Hesiolyra Blake, 1985 (sometimes separated in monotypic subfamily Hesiolyrinae)
- Hesionella Hartman, 1939
- Heteropodarke Pleijel, 1999
- Leocratides Ehlers, 1908
- Mahesia Westheide, 2000
- Neopodarke Hartman, 1965
- Orseis Ehlers, 1864
- Oxydromus Grube, 1855
- Parahesione Pettibone, 1956
- Parapodarke Czerniavsky, 1882
- Periboea Ehlers, 1864
- Podarke Ehlers, 1864
- Pseudosyllidia Czerniavsky, 1882
- Sinohesione Westheide, Purschke & Mangerich, 1994
- Sirsoe Pleijel, 1998
- Struwela Hartmann-Schröder, 1959
Footnotes
References
- Pleijel, Fredrik; Rouse, Greg W.; Ruta, Christine; Wiklund, Helena & Nygren, Arne (2008): Vrijenhoekia balaenophila, a new hesionid polychaete from a whale fall off California. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 152(4): 625–634. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00360.x (HTML abstract)
- Rouse, Greg W. & Fauchald, Kristian (1998): Recent views on the status, delineation, and classification of the Annelida. Am. Zool. 38(6): 953–964. doi:10.1093/icb/38.6.953 PDF fulltext[dead link]
- World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) (2008): Hesionidae. Version of 2008-MAR-26. Retrieved 2009-FEB-23.
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesionidae
| Chaetopteridae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier, 1804), on left | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Spionida |
| Family: | Chaetopteridae Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833[1] |
| Genera | |
|
See text | |
The Chaetopteridae are a family of marine filter-feeding polychaete worms that live in vertical or U-shaped tubes in tunnels buried in the sedimentary or hard substrate of marine environments. The worms are highly adapted to the hard tube they secrete. Inside the tube the animal is segmented and regionally specialized, with highly modified appendages on different segments for cutting the tunnel, feeding, or creating suction for the flow of water through the tube home. The modified segments for feeding are on the 12th segment from the head for members of this family.[2]
Larvae
Chaetopteridae larvae are the largest among the polychaete worms.[3] The larvae will range in size from 0.4 mm to 2.5 mm (largest polychaete larvae reported having a maximum length of 12 mm; the late stage of an unknown phyllodocid species).[3] Chaetopteridae larvae are barrel-like in form with one to two ciliated bands at the midsection.[3] They also have a large buccal funnel.[3] These larvae are often long lived and effectively disseminate, although are constrained geographically to their appropriate ranges for successful adult growth.[3] The most common form of larval developmental plan for polychaetes is the trochophore larvae.[4] The trochophore will add segments sequentially from a posterior growth zone to produce a nectochaete larva.[4] Chaetopterus represents a distinct deviation from this general design.[4] At no point in larval growth stages does the metatrochophore take on the clearly segmented form of the typical nectochaete larva.[4] The 15 segments of Chaetopterus are formed by subdivision of existing anlage.
Feeding
The Chaetopteridae have several genera with peculiar and well-studied filter-feeding mechanisms. The genera Chaetopterus, Mesochaetopterus, and Spiochaetopterus feed using a thin mucus net suspended across the upper portion of their tube. The mucus net is secreted by a hooplike structure called the aliform notopodia arch. The net can grow at a rate as great as one millimeter per second as water currents generated by the notopodial fans pass plankton through the net. When the net grows large enough it contacts the ciliated cup, which rolls up the net. When the roll becomes large the net is disconnected from the aliform notopodia and is rolled into a ball before the ciliated mid-dorsal groove transports it to the mouth.[2]
Affinity
Molecular analysis suggests that this group is basal within the annelids, below the sipunculid worms.[5]
Genera
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following genera as being in the family:[1]
- Chaetopterus Cuvier, 1830
- Mesochaetopterus Potts, 1914
- Mesotrocha Leuckart & Pagenstecher in Leuckart, 1855
- Phyllochaetopterus Grube, 1863
- Spiochaetopterus M Sars, 1856
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetopteridae
| Cirratulidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cirratulus cirratus | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Terebellida |
| Family: | Cirratulidae Carus, 1863 |
| Genera[1] | |
|
See text | |
Cirratulidae is a family of marine polychaete worms. Members of the family are found worldwide, mostly living in mud or rock crevices.[2] Most are deposit feeders, but some graze on algae or are suspension feeders.[1]
Description
Cirratulids vary in size from one to twenty centimetres long. They are mostly burrowers in soft sediments but some live in rock crevices. The head is conical or wedge-shaped and has no antennae. The body is generally cylindrical, tapering at both ends. Cirratulids are characterised by a large number of simple elongate filaments along the body. Some of these occur as an anterior cluster of tentacles, grooved for deposit-feeding, but the majority, the branchiae, are found one pair per segment, and do not have grooves. The chaetae (bristles) are simple capillaries, usually with hooks, and emerge directly from the body wall. There are no anal cirri (slender sensory appendages). The worm is usually buried with only the writhing branchial filaments visible.[2][3] Some cirratulids can build tubes of calcium carbonate.[4]
When alive, the body, branchiae and tentacular filaments are often red, orange or yellow, though species of Dodecaceria are dark green or black. Terebellidae and other worm families may superficially look similar to cirratulids with a mass of filaments. However, in terebellids, the filaments arise from the mouth or are restricted to the anterior three segments, whereas cirratulid branchiae occur throughout the body, one pair per segment.[5]
Taxonomy
The genera are poorly defined and Blake undertook a partial revision in 1996. He divided them into three groups, the multi-tentaculate genera such as Cirratulus and Cirriformia, the bi-tentaculate soft-substrate genera such as Caulleriella, Chaetozone, Tharyx and the bi-tentaculate hard substrate genera such as Dodecaceria.[6]
There is considerable confusion as to the phylogenetic relationships in the family and Blake suggests that many species with global distributions will be found to represent species complexes within which some species are presently undescribed.[6]
Genera
- Ambo
- Aphelochaeta Blake, 1991
- Caulleriella Chamberlin, 1919
- Chaetozone Malmgren, 1867
- Cirratulispio
- Cirratulus Lamarck, 1801
- Cirrhatula
- Cirrhatulus
- Cirriformia Hartman, 1936
- Dodecaceria Örsted, 1843
- Heterocirrus Grube, 1855
- Labranda
- Monticellina Laubier, 1961
- Naraganseta
- Pentacirrus
- Promenia
- Protocirrineris Czerniavsky, 1881
- Pseudocirratulus
- Tharyx Webster & Benedict, 1887
- Timarete Kinberg, 1866
- Audouina Hartman, 1936
- Audouinia Quatrefages, 1865
- Cirrineris misspelling of Cirrhineris Blainville, 1828
- Cirrhineris Blainville, 1828 (nomen dubium)
References
- Blake, J.A. (1996). Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. pp. 263-384 in Blake, J.A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P.H. (eds) The Annelida. Part 3 Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Vol. 6. Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History : Santa Barbara, California
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirratulidae
| Aeolosomatidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Aeolosoma | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Polychaeta |
| Order: | incertae sedis |
| Family: | Aeolosomatidae Beddard, 1895[1] |
| Genera | |
The Aeolosomatidae is a family of very small, aquatic annelid worms, between 0.3 and 10 mm in length and 0.04-0.06 mm in diameter. About 30 species have been described in three genera.[2] These worms are known as suction-feeding worms and occupy freshwater, brackish, and saltwater habitats. They are bottom and sediment dwellers, inhabiting spaces around aquatic plants and the detritus-rich sands and sediments of freshwater habitats (microfauna)[3]
Ecology
Aeolosomatids feed on microalgae, microorganisms, and detritus.[3] They place their prostomia over the substrate and create a vacuum, swallowing small particles and their attached algae. They are able to reproduce sexually, but most reproduction is asexual. This is done by paratomy/fission (fragmentation) as posterior segments break away or detach from the parent worm. This begins when the worm reaches a determined number of millimeters (depending on the species), which gives rise to the clonal production of a chain of filial zooids that detach themselves from the parental zooid in a few days.[2]
References
- "Aeolosomatidae data - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolosomatidae
| Praobdellidae | |
|---|---|
![(A) Stereomicrograph of the single dorsal jaw of T. rex with large teeth. Scale bar is 100 µm. (B) Tyrannobdella rex anterior sucker exhibiting velar mouth and longitudinal slit through which the dorsal jaw protrudes when feeding. Scale bar is 1 mm. (C) Compound micrograph in lateral view of eight large teeth of T. rex. Scale bar is 100 µm. (D) Lateral view of jaw of Limnatis paluda illustrating typical size of hirudinoid teeth. Scale bar is 100 µm.[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyrannobdella_rex_teeth.png)
| |
| (A) Stereomicrograph of the single dorsal jaw of "T. rex" with large teeth. Scale bar is 100 µm. (B) "Tyrannobdella rex" anterior sucker exhibiting velar mouth and longitudinal slit through which the dorsal jaw protrudes when feeding. Scale bar is 1 mm. (C) Compound micrograph in lateral view of eight large teeth of "T. rex". Scale bar is 100 µm. (D) Lateral view of jaw of "Limnatis paluda" illustrating typical size of hirudinoid teeth. Scale bar is 100 µm. | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclass: | Hirudinea |
| Order: | Arhynchobdellida |
| Suborder: | Hirudiniformes |
| Family: | Praobdellidae Sawyer, 1986[1] |
| Genera | |
|
See text | |
Praobdellidae is a family of hematophagous leeches which live on the mucous membranes of mammals and sometimes invertebrates. These are internal parasites that enter the body through natural orifices (usually nasal cavities and pharynx, more rarely the lower respiratory tract, anus, urethra, and vagina), and cause hirudiniases.
These species are characterized by a reduced number of teeth, and a posterior sucker larger than the previous one. The latter may be involved in fixation on moist surfaces such as mucous membranes.
A 2017 paper discovered they did not exclusively infest mammals; individuals were recorded feeding on a Japanese freshwater crab, Geothelphusa dehaani.[3]
Genera
The Interim Register of Marine and Non-marine Genera[4] and WoRMS[5] include:
- Praobdella Blanchard, 1896
- Parapraobdella Phillips, Oosthuizen & Siddall, 2011
- Tyrannobdella Phillips et al., 2010
- Some authorities[5] also include Limnatis Moquin-Tandon, 1827 here, together with other genera provisionally placed in the Hirudinidae.
Bibliography
Phillips, Anna J.; Arauco-Brown, Renzo; Oceguera-Figueroa, Alejandro; Gomez, Gloria P.; Beltrán, María; Lai, Yi-Te; Siddall, Mark E.; DeSalle, Robert (14 April 2010). "Tyrannobdella rex N. Gen. N. Sp. and the Evolutionary Origins of Mucosal Leech Infestations". PLOS ONE. 5 (4): e10057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010057. PMC 2854684. PMID 20418947.
Notes and references
- "Praobdellidae Sawyer, 1986". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
External links
Data related to Praobdellidae at Wikispecies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praobdellidae
| Poecilochaetidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Poecilochaetus serpens | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Spionida |
| Family: | Poecilochaetidae Hannerz, 1956[1] |
| Genera | |
|
Poecilochaetus Claparède in Ehlers, 1875 | |
Poecilochaetidae is a family of marine worms within the Polychaeta. It is a monotypic family containing the single genus Poecilochaetus. Members of this family are benthic worms that burrow into soft sediments.[2]
References
- Australian Biological Resources Study (2000). Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Csiro Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-643-06571-0.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poecilochaetidae
| Pholoidae | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Family: | Pholoidae |
Pholoidae is a family of polychaetes belonging to the order Phyllodocida.[1]
Genera:[1]
- Imajimapholoe Pettibone, 1992
- Laubierpholoe Pettibone, 1992
- Metaxypsamma Wolf, 1986
- Pholoe Johnston, 1839
- Taylorpholoe Pettibone, 1992
References
- "Pholoidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholoidae
| Fabriciidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Manayunkia aestuarina | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Infraclass: | Canalipalpata |
| Order: | Sabellida |
| Family: | Fabriciidae Rioja, 1923 |
| Genera | |
| |
Fabriciidae is a family of annelid worm in the class Polychaeta.[1][2]
Genera
Genera within Fabriciidae include:
- Augeneriella Banse, 1957
- Bansella Fitzhugh, 2010
- Brandtika Jones, 1974
- Brifacia Fitzhugh, 1998
- Echinofabricia Huang, Fitzhugh & Rouse, 2011
- Fabricia Blainville, 1828
- Fabricinuda Fitzhugh, 1990
- Fabriciola Friedrich, 1939
- Leiobranchus Quatrefages, 1850
- Leptochone
- Manayunkia Leidy, 1859
- Monroika Hartman, 1951
- Novafabricia Fitzhugh, 1990
- Parafabricia Fitzhugh, 1992
- Pseudoaugeneriella Fitzhugh, 1998
- Pseudofabricia Cantone, 1972
- Pseudofabriciola Fitzhugh, 1990
- Raficiba Fitzhugh, 2001
- Rubifabriciola Huang, Fitzhugh & Rouse, 2011
- Tuba Renier, 1804
Genera brought into synonymy:
- Amphicora Ehrenberg, 1836 accepted as Fabricia Blainville, 1828 (subjective synonym)
- Eriographis Grube, 1850 accepted as Myxicola Koch in Renier, 1847 (subjective synonym)
- Haplobranchus Bourne, 1883 accepted as Manayunkia Leidy, 1859 (objective synonymy (type species))
- Oridia Rioja, 1917 accepted as Amphicorina Claparède, 1864 (replaced junior homonym, invalid replacement name for Oria)
References
- Giangrande, A; Gambi, M C; Micheli, F; Kroeker, K J. (Nov 2014). "Fabriciidae (Annelida, Sabellida) from a naturally acidified coastal system (Italy) with description of two new species". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 94 (7): 1417–1427. doi:10.1017/S0025315414000678. S2CID 85845606.
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabriciidae
| Flotidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Buskiella abyssorum | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Terebellida |
| Family: | Flotidae Buzhinskaja, 1996 |
| Genera | |
Flotidae is a family of pelagic polychaete worms, sometimes synonymized with Flabelligeridae, which they closely resemble. Other sources consider them the sister taxon to Flabelligeridae and closely allied to the latter group.[1][2]
Taxonomy
Flotidae originally contained one genus, Flota, from which it derives its name, but a 2007 study also placed Buskiella in the family, and moved all (two) Flota species to Buskiella.[3][4][1] The family would thus contains one genus and three species, listed below.
- Buskiella abyssorum McIntoch, 1885
- Buskiella flabelligera (Hartman, 1967) formerly Flota flabelligera
- Buskiella vitjasi (Buzhinskaja, 1977) formerly Flota vitjasi
Similarities and differences with Flabelligeridae
A 2008 paper analyzing the phylogenetics of flotid polychaetes found that flotids are nested within Flabelligeridae.[1] However, defenders of the separate family status of Flotidae cite several morphological differences.[5]
References
- Buzhinskaja, Galina N. (2006). "On the morphology of the genus Flota Hartman, 1967 and corroboration of the family status of Flotidae Buzhinskaja, 1996 (Polychaeta)" (PDF). Zoosystematica Rossica. St. Petersburg, Russia. 15 (1): 7–17. doi:10.31610/zsr/2006.15.1.7.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotidae
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2019) |
| Glossiphoniidae | |
|---|---|
.png)
| |
| Placobdelloides siamensis | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclass: | Hirudinea |
| Order: | Rhynchobdellida |
| Family: | Glossiphoniidae Vaillant, 1890 |
| Subfamilies | |
|
Glossiphoniinae | |
Glossiphoniidae are a family of freshwater proboscis-bearing leeches. These leeches are generally flattened, and have a poorly defined anterior sucker. Most suck the blood of freshwater vertebrates like amphibians, crocodilians and aquatic turtles, but some feed on invertebrates like oligochaetes and freshwater snails instead. Although they prefer other hosts, blood-feeding species will opportunistically feed from humans.
There is considerable interest in the symbiotic bacteria that at least some glossiphoniids house in specialized organs called bacteriomes. The bacteria are thought to provide the leeches with nutrients that are scarce or absent from their regular diets. Haementeria as well as Placobdelloides have Enterobacteriaceae symbionts, while Placobdella harbours peculiar and independently derived alphaproteobacteria.[citation needed]
Systematics and taxonomy
The relationships between members of Glossiphoniidae are not completely understood. Some sources divide the group into three subfamilies, while many divide the family directly into genera. Genera are listed below, with subfamily given in brackets.[1][2][3][4][5]
- Actinobdella Moore, 1901 (Subfamily Haementariinae)
- Alboglossiphonia Lukin, 1976 (Subfamily Haementariinae)
- Desserobdella Barta & Sawyer, 1990 (Subfamily Glossiphoniinae)
- Gloiobdella Ringuelet, 1978 (Subfamily Haementariinae)
- Glossiphonia Johnson, 1817 (Subfamily Glossiphoniinae)
- Haementaria de Filippi, 1849 (Subfamily Haementariinae)
- Helobdella Blanchard, 1896 (Subfamily Haementariinae)
- Marvinmeyeria Soós, 1969 (Subfamily Haementariinae)
- Oligobdella Moore, 1918 (Subfamily Haementariinae)
- Placobdella Blanchard, 1893 (Subfamily Glossiphoniinae)
- Placobdelloides Sawyer, 1986
- Theromyzon Philippi, 1867 (Subfamily Theromyzinae)
- Torix Blanchard, 1893
Genera listed are based on consensus between the Encyclopedia of Life, the Catalogue of Life, and the University of Michigan's Animal Diversity Web. Other sources, however, such as GBIF[1] or ITIS[2], give more or fewer genera.
Ecology and behavior
Glossiphoniid leeches exhibit remarkable parental care, the most highly developed one among the known annelids. They produce a membranous bag to hold the eggs, which is carried on the underside. The young attach to the parent's belly after hatching and are thus ferried to their first meal.[6]
Certain Glossiphoniidae parasitize amphibian species. For example, some members of the Glossiphoniidae are known to attack the inner oral cavity of the Rough-skinned Newt.[7]
Medical importance
While glossiphoniids do not preferentially feed on humans, they are nonetheless of medical interest. As with all blood- or haemolymph-feeding leeches, their saliva, contains anticoagulant compounds which are potentially useful in therapy of some cardiovascular diseases. Antistasin and related inhibitors of thrombokinase a such as ghilanten, lefaxin and therostatin have been derived from Haementeria species and Theromyzon tessulatum. These substances also may prevent certain tumors from metastasizing. Also from Haementeria are the fibrin stabilizing factor a inhibitor tridegin, a platelet adhesion inhibitor (leech anti-platelet protein; LAPP), and the fibrinogen-dissolving enzymes hementin and hementerin. T. tessulatum also yields therin, theromin and tessulin, which inhibit protease activity. Ornatins, which are antiplatelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists, were discovered in Placobdella ornata, and several species have yielded hyaluronidases.
Line notes
- C.M. Hogan, 2008
References
- Joel Cracraft and Michael J. Donoghue (2004) Assembling the Tree of Life, Oxford University Press, USA, 592 pages ISBN 0-19-517234-5
- C. Michael Hogan (2008) Rough-skinned Newt ("Taricha granulosa"), GlobalTwitcher, ed. N. Stromberg [3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossiphoniidae
| Glyceridae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Glycera alba with everted proboscis | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Suborder: | Glyceriformia |
| Family: | Glyceridae Grube, 1850 |
| Genera | |
Glyceridae is a family of polychaete worms.[1] They are commonly referred to as beak-thrower worms or bloodworms. They are bright red, segmented, aquatic worms. The proboscis worm Glycera is sometimes called bloodworm.[relevant?] The Glyceridae are epi- and infaunal polychaetes that prey upon small invertebrates. They are errant burrowers that build galleries of interconnected tubes to aid in catching their prey.
Characteristics
- Pointy snout used for burrowing in sediment
- No septa in anterior part of bodies
- Rely on peristalsis to move
- Explosively evert pharynx into sediment, anchor position with prostomium and pull body forward.
- Eversible pharynx also used in prey capture: 4 poisonous fangs
References
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceridae
| Golfingiidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Golfingia sp. found on Great Cumbrae, Scotland | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Sipuncula |
| Order: | Golfingiida |
| Family: | Golfingiidae Stephen & Edmonds, 1972 |
| Genera | |
Golfingiidae is a family of peanut worms.[1][2]
Species
Golfingia
- Golfingia anderssoni (Théel, 1911)
- Golfingia birsteini Murina 1973
- Golfingia capensis (Teuscher, 1874)
- Golfingia elongata (Keferstein, 1862)
- Golfingia iniqua (Sluiter, 1912)
- Golfingia margaritacea (Sars, 1851)
- Golfingia mirabilis Murina 1969
- Golfingia muricaudata (Southern, 1913)
- Golfingia pectinatoides Cutler and Cutler, 1979
- Golfingia vulgaris (de Blainville, 1827)
Nephasoma
- Nephasoma abyssorum (Koren and Danielssen, 1875)
- Nephasoma bulbosum (Southern, 1913)
- Nephasoma capilleforme (Murina, 1973)
- Nephasoma confusum (Sluiter, 1902)
- Nephasoma constricticervix (Cutler, 1969)
- Nephasoma constrictum (Southern, 1913)
- Nephasoma cutleri (Murina, 1975)
- Nephasoma diaphanes (Gerould, 1913)
- Nephasoma eremita (Sars, 1851)
- Nephasoma filiforme (Sluiter, 1902)
- Nephasoma flagriferum (Selenka, 1885)
- Nephasoma laetmophilum (Fisher, 1952)
- Nephasoma lilljeborgi (Danielssen & Koren, 1880)
- Nephasoma minutum (Keferstein, 1862)
- Nephasoma multiaraneusa (Murina, 1967)
- Nephasoma novaezealandiae (Bendham, 1904)
- Nephasoma pellucidum (Keferstein, 1865)
- Nephasoma rimicola (Gibbs, 1973)
- Nephasoma rutilofuscum (Fisher, 1947)
- Nephasoma schuettei (Augener, 1903)
- Nephasoma tasmaniense (Murina, 1964)
- Nephasoma vitjazi (Murina, 1964)
- Nephasoma wodjanizkii (Murina, 1973)
Thysanocardia
- Thysanocardia catharinae (Grübe, 1868)
- Thysanocardia nigra (Ikeda, 1904)
- Thysanocardia procera (Möbius, 1875)
References
- "Family Golfingiidae". Marine Species Identification Portal.
| This protostome-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfingiidae
| Orobdella | |
|---|---|
.jpg)
| |
.jpg)
| |
| Dorsal view of Orobdella masaakikuroiwai (top) and a live animal under a stone (bottom) | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclass: | Hirudinea |
| Order: | Arhynchobdellida |
| Family: | Orobdellidae Nakano, Ramlah and Hikida, 2012 |
| Genus: | Orobdella Oka, 1895 |
Orobdella is a genus of leeches. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Orobdellidae.[1][2][3] They are large annelids, with the largest species (Orobdella octonaria) exceeding 20 cm (7.9 in) in length, but some are much smaller: mature individuals of Orobdella koikei can measure only 4 cm (1.6 in). They inhabit the banks of mountain streams and feed on earthworms.[2][3] The majority of species are endemic to Japan; two species are known from Taiwan, one from Korea, and one from Russian Far East.[4]
Species
Orobdella contains 21 species,[4] including the following:[2][3][4]
- Orobdella dolichopharynx Nakano, 2011
- Orobdella esulcata Nakano, 2010
- Orobdella ghilarovi Nakano and Prozorova, 2019
- Orobdella ijimai Oka, 1895
- Orobdella kawakatsuorum Richardson, 1975
- Orobdella koikei Nakano, 2012
- Orobdella ketagalan Nakano and Lai, 2012
- Orobdella koikei Nakano, 2012
- Orobdella masaakikuroiwai Nakano, 2014
- Orobdella mononoke Nakano, 2012
- Orobdella octonaria Oka, 1895
- Orobdella shimadae Nakano, 2011
- Orobdella tsushimensis Nakano, 2011
- Orobdella whitmani Oka, 1895
References
- Nakano, Takafumi & Prozorova, Larisa (2019). "A new species of Orobdella (Hirudinida: Arhynchobdellida: Orobdellidae) from Primorye Territory, Russian Far East". Journal of Natural History. 53 (5–6): 351–364. doi:10.1080/00222933.2019.1593539. hdl:2433/241021. S2CID 150030196.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobdella
| Ozobranchus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ozobranchus jantseanus, length ca. 7mm. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Subclass: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | Ozobranchidae Pinto, 1921
|
| Genus: | Ozobranchus Quatrefages, 1852
|
| Species [1] | |
| |
Turtle leeches are a genus, Ozobranchus, of leeches (Hirudinea) that feed exclusively on the blood of turtles.[2] Only two species – Ozobranchus margoi and Ozobranchus branchiatus – are found in the Atlantic coast of the United States and the Gulf of Mexico. Little is known about these leeches due to difficulties in studying their sea turtle hosts.[3]
Physiology
Species of Ozobranchus spp. can be very small (down to a few millimeters in length),[3] making them morphologically difficult to distinguish. Ozobranchus margoi and Ozobranchus branchiatus are the most anatomically documented. According to researchers from the University of Wales and the Gulf Coast Research Lab in Mississippi, the two species are very similar externally with their main difference being the number of pairs of finger-shaped gills; Ozobranchus margoi has 5 pairs while Ozobranchus branchiatus has 7.[4] Both possess a light or slightly pink coloration and sometimes dark spots form from ingested blood visible through the epidermis.[5] Ozobranchus branchiatus range generally from 3.5–10 mm, while Ozobranchus margoi generally range from 4–22 mm. The body is composed primarily of two unequal annuli.[4] Both species have large suckers on each end of their bodies. The sucker on the anterior is not distinguishable from the neck. The anterior end also has two light-sensitive eye spots.[5] The finger-like gills tend to get smaller as they progress towards the posterior end. Another of the species, Ozobranchus jantseanus, was studied by Japanese researchers who found it could adapt to extreme cold, surviving for 24 hours at -196 °C (-321 °F) and for nine months at -90 °C (-130 °F).[6][7]
Reproduction
Like other leeches, Ozobranchus spp. are hermaphrodites with separate male and female reproductive systems.[2] As hermaphrodites, they have both testes and ovaries. Unlike some hermaphrodites, however, leeches cannot self-fertilize. They have four pairs of testes connected to various ducts and to an external gonopore with an eversible penis controlled by a muscular bulb. The gonopore also functions as a receptacle for sperm with a connection to the ovaries.[5] Ozobranchus spp. lay eggs like leeches. Ozobranchus branchiatus are known to lay eggs directly on their host and cementing their cocoons on the host species.[4]
Life cycle
Due to the difficulties in studying sea turtles, relatively little is known about the life cycle of Ozobranchus spp. It is not fully understood if these leeches are capable of surviving independently of a turtle host for any extensive period of time. It is also unknown if they can feed off of organisms other than turtles,[3] although the possibility was indicated by the discovery of a single Ozobranchus margoi specimen on a longbeaked dolphin. Ozobranchus branchiatus are known to complete their entire life cycle on host turtles, which is an unusual trait shared only by a few other species of leeches. This is accomplished by laying eggs on the turtle and attaching them with a cementing substance. The eggs will hatch and attach to the host turtle.[4] Ozobranchus margoi has also been observed to lay eggs directly on heavily infested turtles in the event of an epizootic.[8]
Parasitism on turtles
Blood extraction
Ozobranchus branchiatus are historically known to only host on green turtles (Chelonia mydas), while Ozobranchus margoi targets multiple sea turtle species but are found mostly on loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and, in one special case, on the long-beaked common dolphin.[4] The leeches attach themselves on the mouth, neck, cloaca, and the undersides of the flippers of turtles.[3] Once there, they use the same technique for blood extraction as other sanguivorous leeches: opening of a small wound, usage of an anticoagulant to prevent blood clotting, and ingestion of the blood.[2]
Epizootics
Occasionally, as a scientific journal reported in 1974, overwhelming infestations of leeches called "epizootics" occur. Frank J Schwartz of the University of North Carolina’s Institute of Marine Sciences described it thusly:
- [T]he largest females were so devastated that their eyes had been eaten away to reveal the internal bone and skull. Leeches filled every possible crevice, nostrils, mouth, flippers, cloaca, etc. Large masses of leeches clung over all the body including the carapace. Three of the four females [. . .] and a 36-kg male succumbed between 24 July and 2 August. All turtles stopped feeding during the height of the epizootic.[8]
Vector organism
Apart from the direct damage they inflict on the turtles, Ozobranchus spp. are suspected by scientists to transfer diseases to turtles. Fibropapillomatosis, a neoplastic sea turtle disease associated with a turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV), is suspected to be transferred between turtles by a vector organism: specifically, Ozobranchus spp. In a study conducted by several members of Cornell University's Department of Microbiology and Immunology and United States Government employees, high viral loads of FPTHV were found in Ozobranchus spp. specimens, implicating it as a possible mechanical vector for transmission of the disease.[9]
Genetic barcoding
The difficulties in applying common taxonomic techniques to identify leeches, especially to mature specimens, have led to the application of DNA barcoding using the cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI) for identification purposes. A team of scientists from Wright State University, the University of Central Florida, and the Inwater Research Group collected and analyzed several Ozobranchus margoi and Ozobranchus branchiatus leeches. The specimens were first morphologically identified based upon the number of gills. Afterwards, genomic DNA was extracted from leech tissue far from the digestive tract in order to avoid contamination from turtle host’s blood. The COI gene was sequenced from the extracted genomic DNA using polymerase chain reaction. These sequences were added to GenBank, which prior to the study did not have any genetic data on Ozobranchus branchiatus.[3]
References
- Greenblatt, Rebecca J., et al. "The Ozobranchus leech is a candidate mechanical vector for the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus found latently infecting skin tumors on Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas)." Virology 321.1 (2004): 101-110.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_leech
| Syllidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Syllis gracilis micrograph, showing the distinctive barrel-shaped proventricle | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Family: | Syllidae Grube 1850[1] |
| Synonyms | |
|
Levidoridae | |
Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms,[2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle.[3][4]
Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea, and are especially abundant in shallow water.[3][5]
They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders.[6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.[7]
The proventricle, Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development.[4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals.[8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.[9]
Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan.[10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.
Subfamilies
- Anoplosyllinae
- Autolytinae
- Eusyllinae
- Exogoninae
- Syllinae
- Syllis
- Syllis aciculigrossa (San Martín, 1990)
- Syllis adamantea (Treadwell, 1914)
- Syllis albae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
- Syllis albanyensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984)
- Syllis alosae San Martín, 1992
- Syllis alternata Moore, 1908
- Syllis amica Quatrefages, 1866
- Syllis amicarmillaris Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
- Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis antoniae Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
- Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)
- Syllis augeneri Haswell, 1920
- Syllis barbata San Martín, 1992
- Syllis bella Chamberlin, 1919
- Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)
- Syllis benguellana Day, 1963
- Syllis boggemanni San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
- Syllis botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)
- Syllis brasiliensis McIntosh, 1885
- Syllis breviarticulata Grube, 1857
- Syllis brevicirrata McIntosh, 1908
- Syllis brevicirris Hansen, 1882
- Syllis broomensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)
- Syllis caeca Monro, 1933
- Syllis castroviejoi Capa, San Martín & López, 2001
- Syllis cerina Grube, 1878
- Syllis cirrita Lee & Rho, 1994
- Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982)
- Syllis compacta Gravier, 1900
- Syllis corallicola Verrill, 1900
- Syllis cornuta Rathke, 1843
- Syllis crassicirrata (Treadwell, 1925)
- Syllis cruzi Núñez & San Martín, 1991
- Syllis curticirris Monro, 1937
- Syllis danieli San Martín, 1992
- Syllis deleoni Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
- Syllis edensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)
- Syllis elongata (Johnson, 1901)
- Syllis ergeni Çinar, 2005
- Syllis erikae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)
- Syllis fasciata Malmgren, 1867
- Syllis ferrani Alós & San Martín, 1987
- Syllis filidentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982)
- Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981)
- Syllis glandulata Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
- Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974)
- Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840
- Syllis guidae Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008
- Syllis heterochaeta Moore, 1909
- Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863
- Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)
- Syllis joaoi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
- Syllis jorgei San Martín & López, 2000
- Syllis kabilica Ben-Eliahu, 1977
- Syllis karlae San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
- Syllis kas Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018
- Syllis komodoensis Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
- Syllis krohnii Ehlers, 1864
- Syllis lagunae Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008
- Syllis latifrons Grube, 1857
- Syllis licheri Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004
- Syllis limbata Grube, 1880
- Syllis longesegmentata Grube, 1857
- Syllis lunaris (Imajima, 1966)
- Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis luteoides (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis macroceras Grube, 1857
- Syllis macrodentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
- Syllis magdalena Wesenberg-Lund, 1962
- Syllis magnapalpa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
- Syllis marceloi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
- Syllis marugani Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006
- Syllis maryae San Martín, 1992
- Syllis mauretanica (Licher, 1999)
- Syllis mayeri Musco & Giangrande, 2005
- Syllis mercedesae Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012
- Syllis mexicana (Rioja, 1960)
- Syllis microoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
- Syllis monilaris Savigny in Lamarck, 1818
- Syllis mytilorum Studer, 1889
- Syllis nigra Augener, 1925
- Syllis nigrescens Grube, 1878
- Syllis nigricirris Grube, 1863
- Syllis nigriscens Grube, 1878
- Syllis nigropunctata Haswell, 1886
- Syllis notocera Ehlers, 1905
- Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis obscura Grube, 1857
- Syllis onkylochaeta Hartmann-Schröder, 1991
- Syllis ortizi San Martín, 1992
- Syllis parapari San Martín & López, 2000
- Syllis parturiens Haswell, 1920
- Syllis pectinans Haswell, 1920
- Syllis picta (Kinberg, 1866)
- Syllis pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919)
- Syllis pilosa Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
- Syllis pontxioi San Martín & López, 2000
- Syllis profunda Cognetti, 1955
- Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852
- Syllis prolixa Ehlers, 1901
- Syllis pseudoarmillaris Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
- Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881)
- Syllis quadrifasciata Fischli, 1900
- Syllis quaternaria Moore, 1906
- Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879
- Syllis riojai (San Martín, 1990)
- Syllis robertianae McIntosh, 1885
- Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879)
- Syllis rubicunda Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
- Syllis rudolphi Delle Chiaje, 1841
- Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis sclerolaema Ehlers, 1901
- Syllis setoensis (Imajima, 1966)
- Syllis sol San Martín, 2004
- Syllis stenura Blanchard in Gay, 1849
- Syllis tamarae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
- Syllis tiedemanni Delle Chiaje, 1841
- Syllis torquata Marion & Bobretzky, 1875
- Syllis tripantu Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
- Syllis truncata Haswell, 1920
- Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)
- Syllis umbricolor Grube, 1878
- Syllis unzima Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
- Syllis valida Grube, 1857
- Syllis variegata Grube, 1860
- Syllis villenai Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
- Syllis violacea Grube, 1870
- Syllis vittata Grube, 1840
- Syllis vivipara Krohn, 1869
- Syllis warrnamboolensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)
- Syllis westheidei San Martín, 1984
- Syllis yallingupensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
- Syllis ypsiloides Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
- Ramisyllis
- Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby, Schroeder & Aguado, 2012
- Ramisyllis kingghidorahi M. Teresa Aguado, et al. 2022
- Syllis
References
- Marshall, Michael (2 March 2012). "Zoologger: the worm that looks like a tree". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
External links
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllidae
Spionidae is a family of marine worms within the Polychaeta. Spionids are selective deposit feeders that use their two grooved palps to locate prey. However, some spionids are capable of interface feeding, i.e. switching between deposit and suspension feeding.[2]
Spionids produce tubes by cementing sand grains and detritus material with mucus produced by their glandular pouches. The Spionidae is one of the most studied polychaete families given their biological and commercial importance.[2] Members of this family have been used in regeneration studies and some are capable of boring into calcareous substrate which has destructive implications for commercially important shellfish.
References
- Bortone, Stephen A. (2004). Estuarine Indicators. CRC Press. pp. 277–278. ISBN 978-1-4200-3818-7.
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spionidae
| Thalassematidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ochetostoma erythrogrammon Thalassema diaphanes Anelassorhynchus moebii Anelassorhynchus semoni | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Polychaeta |
| Subclass: | Echiura |
| Order: | Echiuroidea |
| Suborder: | Echiurida |
| Family: | Thalassematidae Forbes & Goodsir, 1841[1] |
| Genera | |
Thalassematidae is a family of spoonworms in the suborder Echiurida.
Genera
The World Register of Marine Species includes these genera in this family:-[1]
- Anelassorhynchus Annandale, 1922
- Arhynchite Satô, 1937
- Ikedosoma Bock, 1942
- Lissomyema Fisher, 1946
- Listriolobus Fischer, 1926
- Ochetostoma Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828
- Thalassema Pallas, 1774
References
- Tanaka, Masaatsu (2017). "Thalassematidae Forbes & Goodsir, 1841". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassematidae
| Tomopteridae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tomopteris kils | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Clade: | Aciculata |
| Family: | Tomopteridae |
| Genera | |
Tomopteridae is a family of holopelagic polychaetes belonging to the order Phyllodocida. The genus Tomopteris consist of about 70 species, and the three other genera of one known species each.[1] Length varies from just 1-2 cm to 30 cm.[2] These are very active swimmers, and have some of the highest metabolic rate among annelids.[3] To increase buoyancy they have a large body cavity (coelom) filled with body fluid of a density similar to seawater. With the coelom taking up much of the inner space, the muscular system has been reduced to a mesh just below the epidermis. The circulatory system has been lost, and the coelomic fluid has taken over the role of transporting oxygen, nutrients and gametes. Instead of a heart the inner surface of the worm is covered with cilia that moves the fluid around inside the body. The absence of septa between the segments makes the circulation more efficient. A series of extretory organs called metanephridia consists of ciliated funnels which opens to the coleomic cavity and connects with the exterior though a nephridiopore.[4][5][6] Some species are bioluminescent, and produce a yellow light.[7]
Their sperm differ from other annelids in having two tails.[8] Females produce gelatinous egg cases that floats in the water column.[9][10]
The animals use a type of propulsion called metachronal paddling, a sequential movement of multiple appendages. It is also able to change the surface area of each parapodia by spreading and contracting its two fleshy ends, which creates differences in drag between power and recovery strokes.[11]
Genera:[1]
- Briaraea Quoy & Gaimard, 1827
- Enapteris Rosa, 1908
- Escholtzia Quatrefages, 1866
- Tomopteris Eschscholtz, 1825
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomopteridae
| Trichobranchidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | Trichobranchidae Malmgren, 1866[1]
|
Trichobranchidae is a family of annelids in the order Terebellida. It consists of one subfamily, Trichobranchinae, to which all of its genera belong.
Genera
- Octobranchus Marion & Bobretzky, 1875[2]
- Terebellides Sars, 1835[3]
- Trichobranchus Malmgren, 1866[1]
References
- Sars, M. (1835). Beskrivelser og Iagttagelser over nogle moerkelige eller nye i Havet ved den Bergenske Kyst levende Dyr af Polypernes, Acalephernes, Radiaternes, Annelidernes og Molluskernes classer, med en kort Oversigt over de hidtil af Forfatteren sammesteds fundne Arter og deres Forekommen. Bergen: Thorstein Hallagers Forlag hos Chr. Dahl.
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichobranchidae
| Terebellides | |
|---|---|
.png)
| |
| Terebellides horikoshii | |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Terebellida |
| Family: | Trichobranchidae |
| Subfamily: | Trichobranchinae |
| Genus: | Terebellides M. Sars, 1835[1] |
| Type species | |
| Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835 | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Terebellides is a genus of polychaete worms in the family Trichobranchidae.[2]
Terebellides sepultura is named after the Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura.[3]
Species
- Terebellides abyssalis (Hartman, 1965)[4]
- Terebellides akares Hutchings, Nogueira & Carrerette, 2015[5]
- Terebellides anguicomus Müller, 1858[6]
- Terebellides atlantis Williams, 1984[7]
- Terebellides bakkeni Parapar, Capa, Nygren, Moreira, 2020[8]
- Terebellides baliensis Hsueh & Li, 2017[9]
- Terebellides banalis Schüller & Hutchings, 2012[10]
- Terebellides biaciculata Hartmann-Schröder, 1992[11]
- Terebellides bigeniculatus Parapar, Moreira & Helgason, 2011[12]
- Terebellides bisetosa Hartmann-Schröder, 1965[13]
- Terebellides brevis Imajima & Williams, 1985[14]
- Terebellides bulbosa Schüller & Hutchings, 2012[10]
- Terebellides californica Williams, 1984[7]
- Terebellides carmenensis Solis-Weiss, Fauchald & Blankensteyn, 1991[15]
- Terebellides concertina Schüller & Hutchings, 2012[10]
- Terebellides distincta Williams, 1984[7]
- Terebellides diva Schüller & Hutchings, 2012[10]
- Terebellides ehlersi McIntosh, 1885[16]
- Terebellides eurystethus Chamberlin, 1919[17]
- Terebellides gingko Schüller & Hutchings, 2012[10]
- Terebellides gracilis Malm, 1874[18]
- Terebellides horikoshii Imajima & Williams, 1985[14]
- Terebellides hutchingsae Parapar, Moreira & Martin, 2016[19]
- Terebellides intoshi Caullery, 1915[20]
- Terebellides irinae Gagaev, 2009[21]
- Terebellides japonica Moore, 1903[22]
- Terebellides jitu Schüller & Hutchings, 2010[23]
- Terebellides jorgeni Hutchings, 2007[24]
- Terebellides kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885)[16]
- Terebellides klemani Kinberg, 1866[25]
- Terebellides kobei Hessle, 1917[26]
- Terebellides kongsrudi Parapar, Capa, Nygren, Moreira, 2020[8]
- Terebellides koreni Hansen, 1882[27]
- Terebellides kowinka Hutchings & Peart, 2000[28]
- Terebellides lanai Solis-Weiss, Fauchald & Blankensteyn, 1991[15]
- Terebellides lineata Imajima & Williams, 1985[14]
- Terebellides lobatus Hartman & Fauchald, 1971[29]
- Terebellides longicaudatus Hessle, 1917[26]
- Terebellides malvinensis Bremec & Elias, 1999[30]
- Terebellides mediterranea Parapar, Mikac & Fiege, 2013[31]
- Terebellides moorei Hessle, 1917[26]
- Terebellides mundora Hutchings & Peart, 2000[28]
- Terebellides narribri Hutchings & Peart, 2000[28]
- Terebellides norvegica Parapar, Capa, Nygren, Moreira, 2020[8]
- Terebellides pacifica Kinberg, 1866[25]
- Terebellides parvus Solis-Weiss, Fauchald & Blankensteyn, 1991[15]
- Terebellides paulina (Grube, 1871)[32]
- Terebellides persiae Parapar, Moreira, Gil & Martin, 2016[33]
- Terebellides reishi Williams, 1984[7]
- Terebellides ronningae Parapar, Capa, Nygren, Moreira, 2020[8]
- Terebellides scotica Parapar, Capa, Nygren, Moreira, 2020[8]
- Terebellides sepultura Garraffoni & Lana, 2003[3]
- Terebellides shetlandica Parapar, Moreira & O'Reilly, 2016[34]
- Terebellides sieboldi Kinberg, 1866[25]
- Terebellides strepsibranchis (Grube, 1871)[32]
- Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835[1]
- Terebellides totae Bremec & Elias, 1999[30]
- Terebellides umbella Grube, 1870[35]
- Terebellides vanhoeffeni (Ehlers, 1913)[36]
- Terebellides woolawa Hutchings & Peart, 2000[28]
References
- Ehlers, E. (1913). Die Polychaeten-Sammlungen der deutschen Südpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903 im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des innern herausgegeben von Erich von Drygalski Leiter Expedition, 13(4), 397–598.
| This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terebellides
| Xerobdellidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclass: | Hirudinea |
| Order: | Arhynchobdellida |
| Suborder: | Hirudiniformes |
| Family: | Xerobdellidae Moore, 1946 |
| Synonyms | |
|
Diestecostomatidae | |
Xerobdellidae are a small family of jawed leeches in the order Arhynchobdellida. Xerobdellidae have three jaws and five pairs of eyes, the fourth and fifth being separated by one or two eyeless segments. The genera placed herein occur in Chile (Mesobdella), Europe (Xerobdella) and Diestecostoma is found in Central and northern South America. This peculiar distribution strongly suggests they are a relict Pangaean group, which had already been present by the start of the Jurassic 250 million years ago.[1]
Description
These leeches resemble the Haemadipsidae and were included there by many authors, but this has always been controversial. Their status as a distinct family is supported by sequence analysis of the nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA and mitochondrial COI genes as well as the anatomy of their sexual organs and nephridia; the latter are located at the belly rather than along the body sides as in the Haemadipsidae proper.[1]
They feed on blood – typically of amphibians – and small invertebrate except Mesobdella, which is exclusively a blood-feeder and has been recorded to attack humans on occasion.[1]
Genera
The Interim Register of Marine and Non-marine Genera[2] lists:
- Diestecostoma Vaillant in Quatrefages (Vaillant), 1890
- Mesobdella Blanchard, 1893
- Nesophilaemon Nybelin, 1943
- Xerobdella Frauenfeld, 1868
References
- IRMNG: taxon details: Xerobdellidae (retrieved 28 August 2021)
External links
Data related to Xerobdellidae at Wikispecies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerobdellidae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Annelid_families
No comments:
Post a Comment