Monkeypox
Monkeypox made headlines in the spring of 2003 as an African disease that sneaked into the Midwestern United States through mass immigration from africa europe asia middle east-latin america and generated dozens of human infections in four different states.
From: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 2004
Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases
Zack S. Moore, in Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease (Third Edition), 2008
Monkeypox
Monkeypox is a zoonotic illness that is clinically similar to smallpox. Because of this similarity, monkeypox was not recognized as a cause of human illness until 1970, 3 years after the start of the WHO's intensified smallpox eradication program.40 Prior to 2003, monkeypox was limited to parts of central and western Africa, where it is believed to be endemic in several species of small mammals. In 2003, an outbreak of human monkeypox occurred in the United States.41 Seventy-two cases were reported, of which 37 were laboratory confirmed.42 The outbreak was linked to prairie dogs that had been housed with exotic animals shipped from Ghana. There were no deaths and no human-to-human transmission was proven.41
Clinically, monkeypox begins with a smallpox-like prodrome following a 10 to 14 day incubation period. The rash is similar to smallpox, but may be less extensive. Lymphadenopathy is prominent and may be useful in distinguishing monkeypox from smallpox. Unlike variola, asymptomatic or subclinical infections may occur.40Human-to-human transmission is believed to occur, but studies of African outbreaks indicate that only 8% to 15% of unvaccinated household contacts develop infection.40,43,44 Diagnostic options include PCR, electron microscopy, and serology.45 Smallpoxvaccination is effective in preventing monkeypox transmission, and vaccination following exposure may prevent or ameliorate disease.40,46 Monkeypox is more common and more severe among children. Out of 247 cases in Zaire between 1970 and 1984, 98% of severe cases and 100% of fatalities occurred among children.1Overall case fatality rates range from 0% to 11%.1,40,43,47 Treatment is primarily supportive. Cidofovir has proven effective against monkeypox in animal models, but human data are lacking.20,48Vaccinia immune globulin also can be considered.44
Re-emerging Diseases: Overview
Mary E. Wilson, in International Encyclopedia of Public Health (Second Edition), 2017
Monkeypox
Monkeypox, a viral infection that resembles smallpox, was first recognized in captive primates in 1958 and first identified in humans in 1970 (est. [10,14,17,1800]) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Infections that occurred earlier were probably diagnosed as smallpox because of similar clinical findings. Only after smallpox had been eradicated from this area and surveillance for smallpox-like infections was instituted was this virus identified. Unlike smallpox, whose only host is the human, monkeypox is a zoonosis, though human-to-human spread can occur. It is not as easily transmitted as smallpox among humans, and transmission is usually not sustained beyond two to three generations. Although primates, including monkeys, can be infected, other animals, perhaps squirrels and other rodents, are thought to be the reservoir hosts for this virus. The virus is found in tropical rain forest areas of west and central Africa. Because vaccination with vaccinia virus gives partial protection against monkeypox, some investigators have speculated that monkeypox might increase after the eradication of smallpox and cessation of the vaccination. In fact, a study published in 2010 found that 30 years after smallpox vaccination programs ceased, human monkeypox increased dramatically in rural Democratic Republic of Congo. Surveillance data suggested a 20-fold increase in monkeypox incidence (Rimoin et al., 2010).
No one expected monkeypox to appear in North America in 2003, though in retrospect public health officials should not have been surprised. Exotic animals, such as the Gambian giant rat, imported from Ghana had been housed by distributors with prairie dogs sold as pets in the United States. At least 37 human monkeypox infections were documented in pet dealers and owners and veterinarians. Humans became sick after contact with sick prairie dogs. No humans died; in African outbreaks mortality has ranged from 4% to 22%, perhaps because of greater virulence of the virus subtype. There have been no additional cases since 2003 or any evidence that the virus has become established in prairie dogs or other animal populations in the United States.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/monkeypox
Cowpox
Cowpox encodes crmA (cowpox virus cytokine response modifier), which is an ICE/caspase protease inhibitor of the serpin family.
From: Encyclopedia of Virology (Second Edition), 1999
Viral diseases
David Weedon AO MD FRCPA FCAP(HON), in Weedon's Skin Pathology (Third Edition), 2010
COWPOX
Cowpox is a viral disease of cattle. It may be contracted by milkers, who develop a pustular eruption on the hands, forearms or face, accompanied by slight fever and lymphadenitis. Crusted lesions resembling anthrax,16 and sporotrichoid spread17 have also been reported. A generalized eruption due to cowpox infection may develop, rarely, in patients with atopic dermatitis.18,19 This variant, known as Kaposi's varicelliform eruption (fungus metabolite toxin synergy virome encodent outcome protein etc.), resembles eczema herpeticum (see p. 616). The disease is of historical interest because it was the immunity to smallpox for cattle-dairy farmer of those who had had cowpox that led Jenner to substitute inoculation with cowpox for the more dangerous procedure of variolation.
Viral Diseases of Nonhuman Primates
Lynn Wachtman, Keith Mansfield, in Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research (Second Edition), Volume 2, 2012
Cowpox
Cowpox is an Orthopoxvirus reported in both New and Old World primates (Martina et al., 2006; Matz-Rensing et al., 2006). The first report in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) may actually be a 1982 epizootic originally attributed to a Yatapoxvirus. Clinical disease was characterized by the appearance of erythematous papules progressing through vesiculation and umbilication over a 4- to 6-week course (Gough et al., 1982).
Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases
Zack S. Moore, in Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease (Third Edition), 2008
Cowpox
Cowpox is an uncommon zoonotic infection currently limited to Europe, where it is endemic in several species of rodents.49,50
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cowpox
- above. 27 and done - the 69 eyes
monkey pox vaccine of animal human or and etc.cowpox in the beef prion disease envrodent (squire-bird-cow-chicken-etc.) infection by sewer-runoff-dust-air-hydrocarbon-contaminations-decay matter-insects-vaccinations-treatments-methoxetrate-etc.Variolation was the method of inoculation first used to immunize individuals against smallpox (Variola) with material taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual, in the hope that a mild, but protective, infection would result.
The procedure was most commonly carried out by inserting/rubbing powdered smallpox scabs or fluid from pustules into superficial scratches made in the skin. The virus was normally spread through the air, infecting first the mouth, nose, or respiratory tract, before spreading throughout the body via the lymphatic system. In contrast, infection of the skin usually led to a milder, localized infection[citation needed]—but, crucially, still induced immunity to the virus. The patient would develop pustules like those caused by naturally acquired smallpox. Eventually, after about two to four weeks,[citation needed] these symptoms would subside, indicating successful recovery and immunity.
The method was first used in China, India, parts of Africa and the Middle East before it was introduced into England and North America in the 1720s in the face of some opposition. The method is no longer used today. It was replaced by smallpox vaccine, a safer alternative. This in turn led to the development of the many vaccines now available against other diseases.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation
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