Smallpox Vaccines
- Smallpox Vaccine
- Modified Vaccinia Ankara
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Immune Response
- Immunity
- Poxviridae
- Orthopoxvirus
- Cowpox Virus
- Vaccinia Virus
Smallpox and vaccinia
Richard B. Kennedy, ... Gregory A. Poland, in Vaccines (Sixth Edition), 2013
Currently available vaccines
In the United States, two smallpox vaccines are available for use in an emergency. ACAM2000, manufactured by Acambis and Baxter, is a second-generation, lyophilized preparation of purified virus (grown in Vero cell line) in HEPES (hydroxyethylpiperazine ethanesulfonic acid)-buffered saline, pH 7.4, containing 1% to 4% human serum albumin USP, 5% mannitol, and trace amounts of antibiotics (100 U/mL polymyxin B and 100 μg/mL neomycin) (John Becher, RPh, CDC, personal communication, 2006). It must be reconstituted before use by the addition of a diluent.
Smallpox and Vaccinia
Richard B. Kennedy, ... Gregory A. Poland, in Plotkin's Vaccines (Seventh Edition), 2018
History of Vaccine Development
Although early smallpox vaccines were cowpox virus, a virus from a disease called horsepox was sometimes used. Eventually, however, vaccinia virus became the poxvirus of choice in most major vaccines. Although its exact origins are unclear,122 vaccinia is not a mutant of variola virus; rather, it may have arisen as a hybrid of cowpox and another orthopoxvirus or through thousands of serial passages under artificial conditions of culture. It is also possible that the species represents a laboratory survivor of a now naturally extinct species of orthopoxvirus.123 Characterization of strains is further complicated by the fact that a seed lot system for vaccine production was not used widely until the 1960s. Thus, even the strains with common names and ancestors have different passage histories, having been passed sequentially through a variety of vaccinifers, such as cows, sheep, and water buffalo, with periodic passages through rabbits, horses, and even humans. Indicative of the scientific ignorance of vaccine technology until recent decades is a statement of the Ministry of Health of Great Britain, which, in 1928, advised that seed lymph could be obtained from (a) “smallpox direct”; (b) cowpox; (c) horsepox, sheep pox, or goatpox; and (d) vaccinia in the human body.123
Above. Three Days Grace - Animal I Have Become'After Sivian, WAde got taxoplosmodics and n-fact to her latin-xmx friend who xmx to ape-siv-trash' - nlab waste basket (dont jump out at us!)
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