Chordo-poxvirinae
Chordopoxvirinae are divided into eight genera, one of which is Orthopoxvirus, which includes the human pathogens variola, monkeypox virus, and other species that infect humans such as cowpox and vaccinia viruses.
From: Tropical Infectious Diseases (Third Edition), 2011
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- Virion
- Genus
- Poxviridae
- Entomopoxvirinae
- Avipoxvirus
- Capripoxvirus
- Parapoxvirus
- Orthopoxvirus
- Vertebrate
- Vaccinia Virus
Poxviridae
In Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth Edition), 2017
Classification
The family Poxviridae is subdivided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates) and Entomopoxvirinae(poxviruses of insects). The subfamily Chordopoxvirinae is further subdivided into ten genera that include viruses that cause disease in domestic or laboratory animals (Table 7.1). A considerable and growing number of poxviruses await precise taxonomic assignment and are currently “unclassified.”
Table 7.1. Poxviruses: Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Poxviruses in the Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae
Genus Virus Major Hosts Host Range Geographic Distribution Orthopoxvirus Variola (smallpox) virus Humans Narrow Eradicated globally Vaccinia virus Numerous: humans, cattle, buffalo, swine, rabbits Broad Worldwide Cowpox virus Numerous: rodents, domestic cats and large felids, cattle, humans, elephants, rhinoceros, okapi, mongoose, alpaca Broad Europe, Asia Camelpox virus Camels Narrow Asia, Africa Ectromelia virus Mice, voles Narrow Europe Monkeypox virus Numerous: squirrels, monkeys, anteaters, great apes, humans Broad Western and central Africa Uasin Gishu disease virus Horses ? Eastern Africa Tatera poxvirus Gerbils (Tatera kempi) ? Western Africa Raccoon poxvirus Raccoons Broad North America Volepox virus Voles (Microtus californicus) ? California Skunkpox virus Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) ? North America Capripoxvirus Sheeppox virus Sheep, goats Narrow Africa, Asia Goatpox virus Goats, sheep Narrow Africa, Asia Cervidpoxvirus Lumpy skin disease virus Cattle, Cape buffalo Narrow Africa Deerpox virus Deer including reindeer, gazelle Broad North America Suipoxvirus Swinepox virus Swine Narrow Worldwide Leporipoxvirus Myxoma virus, rabbit fibroma virus Rabbits (Oryctolagus and Sylvilagus spp.) Narrow Americas, Europe, Australia Hare fibroma virus European hare (Lepus europaeus) Narrow Europe Squirrel fibroma virus Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), Narrow North America Molluscipoxvirus Molluscum contagiosum virus Humans, nonhuman primates, birds, kangaroos, dogs and equids Broad Worldwide Yatapoxvirus Yabapox virus and tanapox virus Monkeys, humans Narrow West Africa Avipoxvirus Fowlpox virus, canarypox, crowpox, juncopox, mynahpox, pigeonpox, psittacinepox, quailpox, sparrowpox, starlingpox, turkeypox (etc.) viruses Chickens, turkeys, and many other bird species from different orders Narrow Worldwide Crocodylidpoxvirus Crocodilepox virus Crocodiles Narrow Africa Parapoxvirus Orf virus Sheep, goats, humans (related viruses of camels and chamois) Broad Worldwide Pseudocowpox virus Cattle, humans Narrow Worldwide Bovine papular stomatitis virus Cattle, humans Narrow Worldwide Ausdyk virus Camels Narrow Africa, Asia Sealpox virus Seals, humans Narrow Worldwide Parapoxvirus of red deer Red deer Narrow New Zealand Currently unclassified Carp edema virus Common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) Narrow Japan, Europe Salmonid gill poxvirus Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Narrow Norway Squirrel Poxvirus Red and gray squirrels Narrow Europe and North America
The Double Stranded DNA Viruses
CONTRIBUTED BY, ... D. Raoult, in Virus Taxonomy, 2005
SUBFAMILY CHORDOPOXVIRINAE
TAXONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE SUBFAMILY
Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae Genus Orthopoxvirus Genus Parapoxvirus Genus Avipoxvirus Genus Capripoxvirus Genus Leporipoxvirus Genus Suipoxvirus Genus Molluscipoxvirus Genus Yatapoxvirus DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
Includes brick-shaped or ovoid poxviruses of vertebrates with a low G+C content (30–40%), except for the parapoxviruses (64%) and MOCV (63%).
Entomopoxviruses
M.N. Becker, R.W. Moyer, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008
Phylogeny
Within the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae are eight genera. The causative agent of smallpox (variola virus) and the virus used for vaccination against smallpox (VV) are members of the genus Orthopoxvirus. Other CVs that cause human disease are cowpox virusand monkeypox virus within this same genus and molluscum contagiosum virus in the genus Molluscipoxvirus.
Poxviruses
Christopher J. Burrell, ... Frederick A. Murphy, in Fenner and White's Medical Virology (Fifth Edition), 2017
Classification
The family Poxviridae is divided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae(poxviruses of vertebrates) and Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects). The subfamily Chordopoxvirinae is divided further into nine genera, four of which (Orthipoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Yatapoxvirus) contain viruses that cause human infections. Smallpox and molluscum contagiosum are specifically human diseases; the other two are zoonoses. The genus Leporipoxvirusincludes myxoma virus, which causes the fatal disease myxomatosis in European rabbits and was used successfully to control rabbit plagues. There are other poxviruses that have not yet been classified (Table 16.1).
Table 16.1. Human Poxvirus Infections
Genus/Virus Disease Features and Epidemiology Orthopoxvirus/variola virus Smallpox (variola) Globally eradicated: Narrow host range Variola major Generalized infection with pustular rash; case-fatality rate 10 to 25% Variola minor Generalized infection with pustular rash; case-fatality rate less than 1% Orthopoxvirus/vaccinia virus Vaccinia infection as a complication of vaccination Usually, a local pustule, slight malaise. Rarely, eczema vaccinatum or generalized vaccinia (low mortality); progressive vaccinia (high mortality in immunocompromised vaccinees); postvaccinial encephalitis (high mortality): frequently used as a vaccine vector Orthopoxvirus/monkeypox virus Human monkeypox Generalized infection with pustular rash; case-fatality rate in humans 15%: numerous animal hosts, e.g. squirrels, anteaters: found in Central and West Africa Orthopoxvirus/cowpox virus Human cowpox infection Localized ulcerating lesion on the skin, usually acquired from cats or cows: found in Asia and Europe Parapoxvirus/milker’s nodule virus Milker’s nodule Trivial localized nodular infection on the hands acquired from cows Parapoxvirus/orf virus Orf Localized papulo-vesicular lesion on the skin acquired from sheep: worldwide distribution Molluscipoxvirus/molluscum contagiosum virus Molluscum contagiosum Multiple benign nodules in skin Yatapoxviru/Yabapox virus Yabapox Localized skin tumors acquired from monkeys (rare): narrow host range: Found in West Africa Yatapoxvirus/Tanapox virus Tanapox Localized skin lesions probably from arthropod bites; common in parts of West Africa PARAPOXVIRUSES (POXVIRIDAE)
Andrew Mercer, David Haig, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Second Edition), 1999
Taxonomy and Classification
The Parapoxvirus genus belongs to the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. The type species of the genus is orf virus and the other species recognized as members are bovine papular stomatitis virus, pseudocowpox virus and a recently identified member, parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand. Synonyms by which these viruses have been known include contagious pustular dermatitisvirus and contagious ecthyma virus for orf virus and Milker's nodulevirus and paravaccinia virus for pseudocowpox virus. Tentative species of this genus are Auzduk disease virus (camel contagious ecthyma virus), chamois contagious ecthyma virus, sealpox virus and a virus that infects red squirrels.
The three original members of the genus were classified as separate species on the basis of the host animal and/or the pathology of the disease. Likewise, the observation of a parapox-like virus in red deer first suggested that this might represent another species. These separations have been supported by later studies which employed DNA/DNA hybridization, restriction endonuclease profiling or serology.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/chordopoxvirinae
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