Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy, and Legionnaires’ disease.[2] It is almost always used together with other antibiotics with two notable exceptions: when given as a "preferred treatment that is strongly recommended"[3] for latent TB infection; and when used as post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b and meningococcal disease in people who have been exposed to those bacteria.[2]Before treating a person for a long period of time, measurements of liver enzymes and blood counts are recommended.[2] Rifampicin may be given either by mouth or intravenously.[2]
It is also used as preventive treatment against Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal) infections. Rifampicin is also recommended as an alternative treatment for infections by the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum when treatment with doxycycline is contraindicated, such as in pregnant women or in patients with a history of allergy to tetracycline antibiotics.[23][24]
It is also sometimes used to treat infections by Listeria species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Legionella pneumophila. For these nonstandard indications, antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be done (if possible) before starting rifampicin therapy.
The Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas species are intrinsically resistant to rifampicin.
It has been used with amphotericin B in largely unsuccessful attempts to treat primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri.
Rifampicin can be used as monotherapy for a few days as prophylaxis against meningitis, but resistance develops quickly during long-term treatment of active infections, so the drug is always used against active infections in combination with other antibiotics.[25]
Rifampicin is relatively ineffective against spirochetes, which has led to its use as a selective agent capable of isolating them in materials being cultured in laboratories.[26]
Viruses[edit]
Rifampicin has some effectiveness against vaccinia virus.[27][28]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide is a medication used to treat tuberculosis.[3] For active tuberculosis, it is often used with rifampicin, isoniazid, and either streptomycin or ethambutol.[4] It is not generally recommended for the treatment of latent tuberculosis.[3] It is taken by mouth.[1]
Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, muscle and joint pains, and rash.[3][5] More serious side effects include gout, liver toxicity, and sensitivity to sunlight.[3] It is not recommended in those with significant liver disease or porphyria.[4] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe but it is likely okay during breastfeeding.[4] Pyrazinamide is in the antimycobacterial class of medications.[3]How it works is not entirely clear.[3]
Pyrazinamide was first made in 1936, but did not come into wide use until 1972.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] Pyrazinamide is available as a generic medication.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazinamide
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Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis.[2] For active tuberculosis it is often used together with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either streptomycin or ethambutol.[3] For latent tuberculosis it is often used by itself.[2] It may also be used for atypical types of mycobacteria, such as M. avium, M. kansasii, and M. xenopi.[2] It is usually taken by mouth but may be used by injection into muscle.[2]
Common side effect include increased blood levels of liver enzymes and numbness in the hands and feet.[2] Serious side effects may include liver inflammation and acute liver failure.[2] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby.[4] Use during breastfeeding is likely safe.[4] Pyridoxine may be given to reduce the risk of side effects.[5] Isoniazid works in part by disrupting the formation of the bacteria's cell wall which results in cell death.[2]
Isoniazid was first made in 1952.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] The World Health Organization classifies isoniazid as critically important for human medicine.[8] Isoniazid is available as a generic medication.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid
Ethambutol (EMB, E) is a medication primarily used to treat tuberculosis.[3] It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis medications, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide.[4] It may also be used to treat Mycobacterium aviumcomplex, and Mycobacterium kansasii.[3] It is taken by mouth.[3]
Common side effects include problems with vision, joint pain, nausea, headaches, and feeling tired.[3] Other side effects include liver problems and allergic reactions.[3]It is not recommended in people with optic neuritis, significant kidney problems, or under the age of five.[4] Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding has not been found to cause harm.[4][5] In the United States the FDA has raised concerns about eye issues in the baby if used during pregnancy.[3] Ethambutol is believed to work by interfering with the bacteria's metabolism.[3]
Ethambutol was discovered in 1961.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines[7] and is available as a generic medication.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol
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