Uglich (Russian: У́глич, IPA: [ˈuɡlʲɪtɕ]) is a historic town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River. Population: 34,507 (2010 Census);[4] 38,260 (2002 Census);[9] 39,975 (1989 Census).[10]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglich
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в, IPA: [rɐˈstof]) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, 202 kilometers (126 mi) northeast of Moscow. Population: 30,406 (2021 Census);[8] 31,792 (2010 Census);[3] 34,141 (2002 Census);[9] 35,707 (1989 Census).[10]
While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is popularly known to Russians as Rostov Veliky (Russian: Ростов Великий, Rostov the Great) to distinguish it from the much larger city of Rostov-on-Don. The name of the town railway station is Rostov Yaroslavsky, due to its location in Yaroslavl Oblast.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov
Reign of Danylo (1245–1264)
Danylo strengthened his relations with Batu Khan by traveling to his capital Saray (Sarai) and acknowledging, at least nominally, the supremacy of the Mongol Golden Horde. After meeting with Batu Khan in 1246, Danylo reorganized his army along Mongol lines and equipped it with Mongolian weapons, although Danylo himself maintained the traditional attire of a Rus prince. According to Vernadsky (1970), Danylo's alliance with the Mongols was merely tactical; he pursued a long-term strategy of resistance to the Mongols.[15] On the other hand, Magocsi (2010) argued that Danylo submitted to the Mongols, citing the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle, which decried Danylo 'is now on his knees and is called a slave' and called this event 'the greatest disgrace'.[13] Magocsi stated that, 'although he never acknowledged it', Danylo was a Mongol vassal, who collected the Mongol tribute, and generally helped 'establishing Mongol administrative control over eastern Europe in cooperation with those Rus' princes who could be made to see the advantages of the new Pax Mongolica.'[16] According to Magocsi, Danylo's submission to the Mongols ensured the strength and prosperity of Galicia–Volhynia.[17] He did renew his alliances with Hungary, Poland and Lithuania, making plans to forge an anti-Mongol coalition with them to wage a crusade against the Khan; although these were never carried out, it would eventually lead to Danylo's royal coronation by papal legate in 1253.[17] This brought Galicia–Volhynia into the orbit of the western European feudal order, and the Roman Catholic Church.[17]
In 1245, Pope Innocent IV allowed Danylo to be crowned king. Danylo wanted more than recognition, commenting bitterly that he expected an army when he received the crown.[18] Although Danylo promised to promote recognition of the Pope to his people, his realm continued to be ecclesiastically independent from Rome. Thus, Danylo was the only member of the Rurik dynasty to have been crowned king.[citation needed] Danylo was crowned by the papal legate Opizo de Mezzano in Dorohochyn 1253 as the first King of all Rus' (Rex Russiae; 1253–1264). In 1256 Danylo succeeded in driving the Mongols out of Volhynia, and a year later he defeated their attempts to capture the cities of Lutsk and Volodymyr.[19] Upon the approach of a large army under the Mongolian general Boroldai in 1260, however, Danylo was forced to accept their authority and to raze the fortifications he had built against them.[20]
Under Danylo's reign, the Kingdom of Ruthenia was one of the most powerful states in east central Europe,[20] and it has been described as a 'golden age' for Galicia–Volhynia.[11] Literature flourished, producing the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. Demographic growth was enhanced by immigration from the west and the south, including Germans and Armenians. Commerce developed due to trade routes linking the Black Sea with Poland, Germany, and the Baltic basin. Major cities, which served as important economic and cultural centers, included Lviv (where the royal seat would later be moved by Danylo's son), Volodymyr, Halych, Kholm (Danylo's capital[11]), Peremyshl, Dorohychyn, and Terebovlya. Galicia–Volhynia was important enough that in 1252 Danylo was able to marry his son Roman to the heiress of the Austrian Duchy in the vain hope of securing it for his family. Another son, Shvarn, married a daughter of Mindaugas, Lithuania's first king, and briefly ruled that land from 1267 to 1269. At the peak of its expansion, the Galician–Volhynian state contained not only south-western Rus lands, including Red Rus and Black Rus, but also briefly controlled the Brodnici on the Black Sea.[citation needed]
Reign of Lev (1264–1301)
After Danylo's death in 1264, he was succeeded by his son Lev, who moved the capital to Lviv in 1272 and for a time maintained the strength of Kingdom of Rus. Unlike his father, who pursued a Western political course, Lev worked closely with the Mongols, in particular cultivating a close alliance with the Tatar Khan Nogai. Together with his Mongol allies, he invaded Poland. However, although his troops plundered territory as far west as Racibórz, sending many captives and much booty back to Galicia, Lev did not ultimately gain much territory from Poland. Lev also attempted, unsuccessfully, to establish his family's rule over Lithuania. Soon after his brother Shvarn ascended to the Lithuanian throne in 1267, he had the former Lithuanian ruler Vaišvilkas killed. Following Shvarn's loss of the throne in 1269, Lev entered into conflict with Lithuania. From 1274 to 1276 he fought a war with the new Lithuanian ruler Traidenis but was defeated, and Lithuania annexed the territory of Black Ruthenia with its city Navahrudak. In 1279, Lev allied himself with king Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and invaded Poland, although his attempt to capture Kraków in 1280 ended in failure. That same year, Lev defeated Hungary and annexed part of Transcarpathia, including the city of Mukachevo. In 1292, he defeated fragmented Poland and added Lublin with surrounding areas to the territory of Kingdom of Rus.[citation needed]
Decline (1301–1340)
After Lev's death in 1301, a period of decline ensued. Lev was succeeded by his son Yuri I, who ruled for only seven years. Although his reign was largely peaceful and the Kingdom of Rus flourished economically, Yuri I lost Lublin to the Poles in 1302. From 1308 until 1323 Kingdom of Rus was jointly ruled by Yuri I's sons Andrew and Lev II, who proclaimed themselves to be the kings of Kingdom of Rus. The brothers forged alliances with King Władysław I of Poland and the Teutonic Order against the Lithuanians and the Mongols, but the Kingdom was still tributary to the Mongols and joined the Mongol military expeditions of Uzbeg Khan and his successor, Janibeg Khan.[4] The brothers died together in 1323, in battle, fighting against the Mongols, and left no heirs.[citation needed]
After the extinction of the Rurikid dynasty in Kingdom of Rus in 1323, Volhynia passed into the control of the Lithuanian prince Liubartas, while the boyars took control over Galicia. They invited the Polish prince Boleslaw Yuri II, a grandson of Yuri I, to assume the Galician throne. Boleslaw converted to Orthodoxy and assumed the name Yuri II. Nevertheless, suspecting him of harboring Catholic feelings, the boyars poisoned him in 1340 and elected one of their own, Dmitry Detko, to lead the Galician state. In Winter 1341 Tatars, Ruthenians led by Detko, and Lithuanians led by Liubartas were able to defeat the Poles, although they were not so successful in Summer 1341. Finally, Detko was forced to accept Polish overlordship, as a starost of Halych. After Detko's death, Poland's King Casimir III mounted a successful invasion, capturing and annexing Galicia in 1349. Galicia–Volhynia ceased to exist as an independent state.[citation needed]
Danylo's dynasty attempted to gain support from Pope Benedict XII and broader European powers for an alliance against the Mongols, but ultimately proved unable to compete with the rising powers of the centralised Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Only in 1349, after the occupation of Galicia–Volhynia by an allied Polish-Hungarian force, was the Kingdom of Rus finally conquered and incorporated in Poland. This ended the vassalage of Kingdom of Rus to the Golden Horde.[21]
Final years and aftermath (1340–1392)
From 1340 to 1392, the civil war in the region transitioned into a power struggle between Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary. The first stage of conflict led to the signing of a treaty in 1344 that secured the Principality of Peremyshl for the Crown of Poland, while the rest of the territory belonged to a member of the Gediminis family, Liubartas. Eventually by the mid-14th century, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided up the region between them: King Casimir III took Galicia and Western Volhynia, while the sister state of Eastern Volhynia together with Kiev came under Lithuanian control, 1352–66.[citation needed]
After 1352 most of the Ruthenian Voivodeship belonged to the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, where it remained also after the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania. The present-day town of Halych is situated 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away from the ancient capital of Galicia, on the spot where the river port of the old town was located, and where King Liubartas of Kingdom of Rus constructed a wooden castle in 1367.[citation needed]
By the treaty of the Union of Lublin of 1569, all of the former principality of Galicia–Volhynia became part of Poland. In 1772, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (who was also Queen of Hungary) revived the old Hungarian claims to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Regnum Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ), using them to justify the participation of Austria in the partitions of Poland.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia
Laurentian Codex or Laurentian Letopis (Russian: Лаврентьевский список, Лаврентьевская летопись) is a collection of chronicles that includes the oldest extant version of the Primary Chronicle and its continuations, mostly relating the events in Northern Russia (Vladimir-Suzdal).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_Codex
Saint Michael of Chernigov[1] (Russian: Михаи́л Черни́говский, Ukrainian: Миха́йло Все́володович Чернігівський) or Mikhail Vsevolodovich[2] (Russian: Михаил Всеволодович, Ukrainian: Михайло Всеволодович) (c. 1185 – Saray, 20 September 1246) was a Rus' prince (a member of the Rurik dynasty).[3] He was grand prince of Kiev (now Kyiv), 1236–1240, 1240, 1241–1243); and he was also prince of Pereyaslavl (1206), of Novgorod-Seversk (1219–1226), of Chernigov (1223–1235, 1242–1246), of Novgorod (1225–1226, 1229–1230), and of Halych (1235–1236).[2]
Archaeological evidence reveals that Chernihiv towns enjoyed an unprecedented degree of prosperity during his period which suggests that promoting trade was a priority for him.[2] Commercial interests, in part, also motivated him to seize control of Halych and Kiev because they were channels through which goods from the Rhine valley and Hungary passed to Chernihiv (Ukraine).[2] He also negotiated commercial treaties and political alliances with the Poles and the Hungarians.[2]
He alleviated the tax burden of the Novgorodians and granted their boyars greater political freedom from the prince.[2] He was the last autonomous senior prince of Kiev, where he was deposed not by a more powerful prince but by the invincible Mongols.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_of_Chernigov
Chernihiv (Ukrainian: Черні́гів, IPA: [tʃerˈn⁽ʲ⁾iɦiu̯] (
listen)), also known as Chernigov[a] (Russian: Черни́гов, IPA: [tɕɪrˈnʲiɡəf]; Polish: Czernihów, IPA: [t͡ʂɛrˈɲixuf]; Belarusian: Чарнігаў, romanized: Čarnihaŭ, IPA: [t͡ʂarˈnʲiɦɐu̯]; Latin: Czernihovia), is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast.[2] Chernihiv's population is 282,747 (2022 est.).[3]
The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine by the Ukrainian government during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv
Originally, the name Rus' (Cyrillic: Русь) referred to the people,[1] regions, and medieval states (9th to 12th centuries) of the Kievan Rus'. Its territories are today distributed among Belarus, Northern Ukraine, Eastern Poland, and the European section of Russia. The term Россия (Rossija), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Ρωσσία Rossía—related to both Modern Greek: Ρως, romanized: Ros, lit. 'Rus'', and Ρωσία (Rosía, "Russia", pronounced [roˈsia]).
One of the earliest written sources mentioning the people called Rus' (as Rhos) dates to 839 in the Annales Bertiniani. This chronicle identifies them as a Germanic tribe called the Swedes. According to the Kievan Rus' Primary Chronicle, compiled in about 1113, the Rus' were a group of Varangians, Norsemen who had relocated somewhere from the Baltic region (literally "from beyond the sea"), first to Northeastern Europe, then to the south where they created the medieval Kievan state.[2] In the 11th century, the dominant term in the Latin tradition was Ruscia. It was used, among others, by Thietmar of Merseburg, Adam of Bremen, Cosmas of Prague and Pope Gregory VII in his letter to Izyaslav I. Rucia, Ruzzia, Ruzsia were alternative spellings. During the 12th century, Ruscia gradually made way for two other Latin terms, "Russia" and "Ruthenia". "Russia" (also spelled Rossia and Russie) was the dominant Romance-language form, first used by Liutprand of Cremona in the 960s and then by Peter Damian in the 1030s. It became ubiquitous in English and French documents in the 12th century. Ruthenia, first documented in the early 12th century Augsburg annals, was a Latin form preferred by the Apostolic Chancery of the Latin Church.
The modern name of Russia (Rossija), which came into use in the 15th century,[3][4][5] is derived from the Greek Ρωσία, which in turn derives from Ῥῶς, the self-name of the people of Rus'.[6]
A hypothetical predecessor of Kievan Rus' is the 9th-century Rus' Khaganate, whose name and existence are inferred from a handful of early medieval Byzantine and Persian and Arabic sources.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia
Peter Damian, OSB (Latin: Petrus Damianus; Italian: Pietro or Pier Damiani; c. 1007 – 21 or 22 February 1072 or 1073)[1] was a reforming Benedictine monk and cardinal in the circle of Pope Leo IX. Dante placed him in one of the highest circles of Paradiso as a great predecessor of Francis of Assisi and he was declared a Doctor of the Church on 27 September 1828. His feast day is 21 February.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Damian
| Konrad I | |
|---|---|
 | |
| High Duke of Poland | |
| Reign | 1229–1232 |
| Predecessor | Władysław III Spindleshanks |
| Successor | Henry I the Bearded |
| Reign | 1241–1243 |
| Predecessor | Bolesław II Rogatka |
| Successor | Bolesław V the Chaste |
| Duke of Masovia | |
| Reign | 1194–1247 |
| Predecessor | Casimir II the Just Helen of Znojmo (regent) |
| Successor | Boleslaus I |
| Born | c. 1187/88 |
| Died | 31 August 1247 |
| Spouse | Agafia of Rus |
| Issue | Boleslaus I of Masovia Casimir I of Kuyavia Siemowit I of Masovia |
| House | House of Piast |
| Father | Casimir II the Just |
| Mother | Helen of Znojmo |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Konrad I of Masovia (ca. 1187/88[1] – 31 August 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia and Kuyavia from 1194 until his death as well as High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia
Helena of Serbia (Serbian: Јелена/Jelena, Hungarian: Ilona; b. after 1109 – after 1146) was Queen of Hungary as the wife of King Béla II. After her husband's death, she governed Hungary as regent from 1141 to September 1146 together with her brother, Beloš, during the minority of her eldest son, Géza II, came of age.
A daughter of Prince Uroš I of Serbia (r. ca. 1112–1145), she was arranged to marry Béla II in 1129 by his cousin, King Stephen II (r. 1116–1131). Her younger sons, Ladislaus II and Stephen IV, also ruled as kings of Hungary. She had two other brothers Uroš II and Desa besides Beloš.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary
The Rus' (Old East Slavic: Роусь; Belarusian, Russian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian: Русь; Old Norse: Garðar; Greek: Ῥῶς, romanised: Rhos) were a people in early medieval eastern Europe.[1] The scholarly consensus holds that they were originally Norsemen, mainly originating from present-day Sweden, who settled and ruled along the river-routes between the Baltic and the Black Seas from around the 8th to 11th centuries AD. In the 9th century, they formed the state of Kievan Rusʹ, where the ruling Norsemen along with local Finnic tribes gradually assimilated into the East Slavic population, with Old East Slavic becoming the common spoken language. Old Norse remained familiar to the elite until their complete assimilation by the second half of the 11th century,[2] and in rural areas, vestiges of Norse culture persisted as late as the 14th and early 15th centuries, particularly in the north.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_people
Pskov Oblast (Russian: Пско́вская о́бласть, romanized: Pskóvskaya óblast') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 673,423.[13]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov_Oblast
An enclave is a territory (or a small territory apart of a larger one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity.[1] Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters.[2]: 60 Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state.[1] Vatican City and San Marino, both enclaved by Italy, and Lesotho, enclaved by South Africa, are completely enclaved sovereign states.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave
Daniel of Galicia or Danylo Romanovych[1][2] (Ukrainian: Данило Романович (Галицький), romanized: Danylo Romanovych (Halytskyi); Old Ruthenian: Данило Романовичъ, Danylo Romanovyčъ; Polish: Daniel I Romanowicz Halicki; 1201 – 1264) was a King of Ruthenia, Prince (Kniaz) of Galicia (Halych) (1205–1255), Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr (1212–1231). He was crowned by a papal archbishop in Dorohochyn in 1253 as the first King of Ruthenia (Rus') (1253–1264).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia
Roman Mstislavich[1][2] (Ukrainian: Рома́н Мстисла́вич; c. 1152 – 19 June 1205), also known as Roman the Great,[3] was a Rus’ prince and a member of Izyaslavichi of Volhynia branch of the Rurik dynasty.[4][5] He founded the Romanovichi dynasty,[4] which would rule Volhynia and Halych until 1340.[6]
He was Prince of Novgorod (1168–1170), Volhynia (1170–1189, 1189–1205), and of Halych (Galicia; 1189, 1198/99–1205).[2] By seizing the throne of Halych, he became the master of all Western Rus’.[7] In the early 13th century, Byzantine chroniclers applied the imperial title "autocrate" (αύτοκράτωρ) to him, but there is no evidence that he assumed it officially.[7]
He waged two successful campaigns against the Cumans, from which he returned with many rescued captives.[4] The effect of Roman's victory was, however, undermined by new divisions among the princes of Rus’.[7]
Roman died in a battle with the Poles at the Battle of Zawichost.[7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula
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