A black operation or black op is a covert or clandestine operation by a government agency, a military unit or a paramilitary organization; it can include activities by private companies or groups. Key features of a black operation are that it is secret and it is not attributable to the organization carrying it out.[1]
A single such activity may be called a black bag operation;[1] that term is primarily used for covert or clandestine surreptitious entries into structures to obtain information for human intelligence operations.[2] Such operations have been carried out by the FBI,[3] CIA,[4] KGB, Mossad, MI6, MI5, ASIS, COMANF, DGSE, AISE, CNI, MSS, R&AW, DGFI, SVR, FSB, Kuwait 25th Commando Brigade and the intelligence services of other nations.[2]
The main difference between a black operation and one that is merely secret is that a black operation involves a significant degree of deception, to conceal who is behind it or to make it appear that some other entity is responsible (e.g. false flag operations).[5][6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_operation
A clandestine operation is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population or specific enemy forces.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_operation
Black reconnaissance or BRCON is a term describing military deep penetration reconnaissance of a completely covert nature.[1] It is distinct from normal forms of covert recon in that discovery of the action would be so disruptive to relations between two countries that the instigators would be disavowed if caught.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_reconnaissance
Plausible deniability is the ability of people, typically senior officials in a formal or informal chain of command, to deny knowledge of or responsibility for actions committed by members of their organizational hierarchy. They may do so because of a lack or absence of evidence that can confirm their participation, even if they were personally involved in or at least willfully ignorant of the actions. If illegal or otherwise disreputable and unpopular activities become public, high-ranking officials may deny any awareness of such acts to insulate themselves and shift the blame onto the agents who carried out the acts, as they are confident that their doubters will be unable to prove otherwise. The lack of evidence to the contrary ostensibly makes the denial plausible (credible), but sometimes, it makes any accusations only unactionable.
The term typically implies forethought, such as intentionally setting up the conditions for the plausible avoidance of responsibility for one's future actions or knowledge. In some organizations, legal doctrines such as command responsibility exist to hold major parties responsible for the actions of subordinates who are involved in actions and nullify any legal protection that their denial of involvement would carry.
In politics and espionage, deniability refers to the ability of a powerful player or intelligence agency to pass the buck and to avoid blowback by secretly arranging for an action to be taken on its behalf by a third party that is ostensibly unconnected with the major player. In political campaigns, plausible deniability enables candidates to stay clean and denounce third-party advertisements that use unethical approaches or potentially libelous innuendo.
Although plausible deniability has existed throughout history, the term was coined by the CIA in the early 1960s to describe the withholding of information from senior officials to protect them from repercussions if illegal or unpopular activities became public knowledge.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plausible_deniability
A cause of action or right of action, in law, is a set of facts sufficient to justify suing to obtain money or property, or to justify the enforcement of a legal right against another party. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings suit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called a 'statement of claim' in English law, or a 'complaint' in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages, often expressed in amount of money the receiving party should pay/reimburse.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_action
A demurrer is a pleading in a lawsuit that objects to or challenges a pleading filed by an opposing party. The word demur means "to object"; a demurrer
is the document that makes the objection. Lawyers informally define a
demurrer as a defendant saying "So what?" to the pleading.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demurrer
Blame shifting
Blaming others can lead to a "kick the dog" effect where individuals in a hierarchy blame their immediate subordinate, and this propagates down a hierarchy until the lowest rung (the "dog"). A 2009 experimental study has shown that blaming can be contagious even for uninvolved onlookers.[10]
In complex international organizations, such as enforcers of national and supranational policies and regulations, the blame is usually attributed to the last echelon, the implementing actors.[11]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame#Blame_shifting
Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence). A person who commits espionage is called an espionage agent or spy.[1] Any individual or spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of a government, company, criminal organization, or independent operation, can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage
Law enforcement is the activity of some members of government who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by discovering, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing that society.[1] The term encompasses police, courts, and corrections. These three components may operate independently of each other or collectively, through the use of record sharing and mutual cooperation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plausible_deniability
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plausible_deniability
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame#Blame_shifting
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?limit=20&offset=440&profile=default&search=false+personation&title=Special:Search&ns0=1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_pretenses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_memory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_prophet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_light
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_accusation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_evidence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor-attracted_person
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupt_practices
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_protagonist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_confession
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Claims_Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_hoax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_memory_syndrome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind#False-belief_task
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_bear_false_witness_against_thy_neighbour
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_accounting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_execution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_to_moderation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Idols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_person
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_false_statements
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery_Act_1830
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_self-employment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_rate_fallacy#False_positive_paradox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature_forgery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Face_Society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_quoque
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Memory_Syndrome_Foundation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_statements_of_fact
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_document_forgery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_in_English_law#False_imprisonment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_passport
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit#False_stories_and_conspiracy_theories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_regression_in_therapy#False_memories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud_Act_2006
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False-uniqueness_effect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions#False_statements_of_fact
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass#Trespass_to_the_person
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credulity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_matrix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_conditional_operator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narration#Third-person,_omniscient
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_fraud
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantification
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking#False_claims_of_stalking,_%22gang_stalking%22_and_delusions_of_persecution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_false_etymologies_of_English_words
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_person
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-truth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subornation_of_perjury
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulty_generalization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_F#False_Face
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority#False_authority
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_twist#False_protagonist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_knife#%27False_gravity%27_and_non-gravity_knives
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameup
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivocation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_tagging_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosting_(identity_theft)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impostors#False_nationality_claims
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_of_the_mind#False_antecedent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_abuse#False_accusations_of_elder_abuse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_execution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomnesia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentures
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_fallacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_evidence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycophancy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_of_the_mind#False_antecedent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_the_well
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_danger_warning
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy#Post_hoc_%28false_cause%29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_(philosophy)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxastic_attitudes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_declaration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_of_impunity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package-deal_fallacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_pending
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivialism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalepsy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanaticism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_tampering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_take_the_name_of_the_Lord_thy_God_in_vain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Phillips#Unsubstantiated_and_false_voter_fraud_claims
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsus_in_uno,_falsus_in_omnibus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-monitoring_error#False_fame
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Batwoman_characters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_News_Network#False_story_about_Bible_ban
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_impostor#False_accusations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_life_regression
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_prone_personality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait-and-switch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evasion_(ethics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophenia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Peter_2#The_danger_and_condemnation_of_false_prophets_%282%3A1%E2%80%9310a%29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_techniques
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_misconduct
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants%27_Characters_Act_1792
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-deception
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_alarm#False_and_absent_alarms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrelevant_conclusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastidious_organism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice-supportive_bias#False_memory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_Troubles#False_Dmitry_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(computer_science)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrelevant_conclusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malingering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%27s_arrest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_negligence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irresistible_force_paradox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_therapy#False_assumptions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpractice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelest#False_visions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superiority_complex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions
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