A summary execution is an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and immediately killed without the benefit of a full and fair trial. Executions as the result of summary justice (such as a drumhead court-martial) are sometimes included, but the term generally refers to capture, accusation, and execution all conducted within a very short period of time, and without any trial. Under international law, refusal to accept lawful surrender in combat and instead killing the person surrendering is also categorized as a summary execution (as well as murder).
Summary executions have been practiced by police, military, and paramilitary organizations and are frequently associated with guerrilla warfare, counter-insurgency, terrorism, and any other situation which involves a breakdown of the normal procedures for handling accused prisoners, civilian or military.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad
An extrajudicial killing (also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing)[1] is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding. It typically refers to government authorities, whether lawfully or unlawfully, targeting specific people for death, which in authoritarian regimes often involves political, trade union, dissident, religious and social figures. The term is typically used in situations that imply the human rights of the victims have been violated; deaths caused by legitimate warfighting or police actions are generally not included, even though military and police forces are often used for killings seen by critics as illegitimate. The label "extrajudicial killing" has also been applied to organized, lethal enforcement of extralegal social norms by non-government actors, including lynchings and honor killings.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing
A license (or licence)[1] is an official permission or permit to do, use, or own something (as well as the document of that permission or permit).[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License
Extraordinary rendition is a euphemism for state-sponsored forcible abduction in another jurisdiction and transfer to a third state. The phrase usually refers to a United States-led program used during the War on Terror,[1] which had the purpose of circumventing the source country's laws on interrogation, detention, extradition and/or torture. Extraordinary rendition is a type of extraterritorial abduction, but not all extraterritorial abductions include transfer to a third country.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition
Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, punish a convicted transgressor, or intimidate people. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle (often in the form of a hanging) for maximum intimidation.[1] Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in every society.[2][3][4]
In the United States, where the word for "lynching" likely originated, lynchings of African Americans became frequent in the South during the period after the Reconstruction era, especially during the nadir of American race relations.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching
Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons such as punishment, extracting a confession, interrogation for information, or intimidating third parties. Some definitions are restricted to acts carried out by the state, but others include non-state organizations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture
Retributive justice is a legal punishment that requires the offender to receive a punishment for a crime proportional and similar to its offense.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justice
Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern.[1] Civic engagement includes communities working together or individuals working alone in both political and non-political actions to protect public values or make a change in a community. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and promote the quality of the community.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_engagement
A duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; Old French: deu, did, past participle of devoir; Latin: debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a commitment or expectation to perform some action in general or if certain circumstances arise. A duty may arise from a system of ethics or morality, especially in an honor culture. Many duties are created by law, sometimes including a codified punishment or liability for non-performance. Performing one's duty may require some sacrifice of self-interest.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty
Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, management, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. Along with this, it deals with animal rearing, husbandry, breeding, research on nutrition, and product development. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions that can affect different species.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liability
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sacrifice
Propitiation is the act of appeasing or making well-disposed a deity, thus incurring divine favor or avoiding divine retribution. While some use the term interchangeably with expiation, others draw a sharp distinction between the two.[1] The discussion here encompasses usage only in Judaism and in the Christian tradition.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propitiation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expiation_(disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version
Repeated measures design is a research design that involves multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same or matched subjects either under different conditions or over two or more time periods.[1] For instance, repeated measurements are collected in a longitudinal study in which change over time is assessed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeated_measures_design
A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over short or long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_study
Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects. Human subject research can be either medical (clinical) research or non-medical (e.g., social science) research.[1] Systematic investigation incorporates both the collection and analysis of data in order to answer a specific question. Medical human subject research often involves analysis of biological specimens, epidemiological and behavioral studies and medical chart review studies.[1] (A specific, and especially heavily regulated, type of medical human subject research is the "clinical trial", in which drugs, vaccines and medical devices are evaluated.) On the other hand, human subject research in the social sciences often involves surveys which consist of questions to a particular group of people. Survey methodology includes questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups.
Human subject research is used in various fields, including research into advanced biology, clinical medicine, nursing, psychology, sociology, political science, and anthropology. As research has become formalized, the academic community has developed formal definitions of "human subject research", largely in response to abuses of human subjects.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_subject_research
The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of prohibited drugs. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of many types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition laws. The think tank Global Financial Integrity's Transnational Crime and the Developing World report estimates the size of the global illicit drug market between US$426 and US$652 billion in 2014 alone.[1] With a world GDP of US$78 trillion in the same year, the illegal drug trade may be estimated as nearly 1% of total global trade. Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally and it remains very difficult for local authorities to reduce the rates of drug consumption.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade
Foreign nationals (aliens) can violate US immigration laws by entering the United States unlawfully[2][3] or lawfully entering but then remaining after the expiration of their visas, parole, TPS, etc. Illegal immigration has been a matter of intense debate in the United States since the 1980s.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States
Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of timber in violation of laws. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a protected area; the cutting down of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. Illegal logging is a driving force for a number of environmental issues such as deforestation, soil erosion and biodiversity loss which can drive larger-scale environmental crises such as climate change and other forms of environmental degradation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging
Illegal construction (also known as illegal building or illegal housing) is construction work (or the result of such) without a valid construction permit. Besides the potential technical hazards on uncontrolled construction sites and in finished buildings, illegal building activity can be a major environmental violation when the works encroach upon preserve areas like nature reserves. Likewise, illegal building can have serious political implications when it is practiced as landgrabbing or for illegal settling in foreign territories (see e.g. International law and Israeli settlements).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_construction
Illegal dumping,[1][2] also called fly dumping or fly tipping (UK),[3] is the dumping of waste illegally instead of using an authorized method such as curbside collection or using an authorized rubbish dump. It is the illegal deposit of any waste onto land, including waste dumped or tipped on a site with no license to accept waste.[4][5] The United States Environmental Protection Agency developed a “profile” of the typical illegal dumper. Characteristics of offenders include local residents, construction and landscaping contractors, waste removers, scrap yard operators, and automobile and tire repair shops.[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_dumping
An illegal number is a number that represents information which is illegal to possess, utter, propagate, or otherwise transmit in some legal jurisdiction. Any piece of digital information is representable as a number; consequently, if communicating a specific set of information is illegal in some way, then the number may be illegal as well.[1][2][3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_number
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonaid#Claims_of_further_human_clones
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Medical_Corps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chamber
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_superheroes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization#As_a_part_of_human_population_planning
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_notable_people_banned_from_entering_the_United_States
Night Doctors (also known as Night Riders, Night Witches, Ku Klux Doctors and Student Doctors) are bogeymen of African American folklore, with some factual basis. Body snatching from graves and enforced medical experimentation led to the development of African American folklore stories that told of doctors who would abduct, kill, and dissect bodies.[1] The goal of these "Night Doctors" was to further prevent slaves, freedmen, and black workers from leaving for the Northern United States.
The term night doctors is often broadly used, referring to those who steal, buy, or practice on African American corpses to further their medical knowledge. At this time, the cadaver shortage among medical schools in the south led to people digging up their graves in the night to steal bodies, and slave owners selling their deceased to make some extra money.[1] Grave robbing often happened in poor communities where they had no means to have or fund any deterrence of grave robbing or protection of their cemeteries. Night doctors preying on these marginalized communities were often overlooked by wealthier, more powerful people in the communities, and led to the fleeing of African Americans in the early to mid 20th century, now known as The Great Migration.[2]
The African American community's distrust of the medical occupation and doctors predates the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, where doctors unethically withheld treatment from African Americans with the disease to use them as an experimental basis for untreated syphilis.[3] When night doctors started emerging, the bodies of southern blacks were a valuable resource for dissection and autopsy studies in medical colleges.[4] The horrors night doctors caused continued even after the American Civil War as they kept stealing African American bodies for dissection. Unethical practices against African Americans led to fear and distrust in the medical community.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Doctors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East#Failure_to_prosecute_perpetrators_of_inhumane_medical_experimentation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cloning
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling#Human_trafficking
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_opcode
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_trade#Illegal_organ_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_trade#Illegal_organ_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_Aliens_(novel)
People smuggling (also called human smuggling), under U.S. law, is "the facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, in violation of one or more countries' laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents".[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_smuggling
Illicit trade is the production or distribution of a good or service that is considered illegal by a legislature.[1] It includes trade that is strictly illegal in different jurisdictions, as well as trade that is illegal in some jurisdictions but legal in others.[2]
Illicit trade can occur either in black markets or in legitimate markets. Some of the most important types of illicit trade include various forms of smuggling, the illegal drug trade, counterfeiting, human trafficking, the illicit tobacco trade, arms trafficking, illicit trafficking of cultural property, and various environmental crimes such as illegal wildlife trade, illegal logging and illegal fishing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illicit_trade
The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in presence of other people. First proposed in 1964 after the murder of Kitty Genovese, much research, mostly in psychology research laboratories, has focused on increasingly varied factors, such as the number of bystanders, ambiguity, group cohesiveness, and diffusion of responsibility that reinforces mutual denial. If a single individual is asked to complete the task alone, the sense of responsibility will be strong, and there will be a positive response; however, if a group is required to complete the task together, each individual in the group will have a weak sense of responsibility, and will often shrink back in the face of difficulties or responsibilities. The theory was prompted by the murder of Kitty Genovese about which it was wrongly reported that 38 bystanders watched passively. Recent research has focused on "real world" events captured on security cameras, and the coherency and robustness of the effect has come under question.[1] More recent studies also show that this effect can generalize to workplace settings, where subordinates often refrain from informing managers regarding ideas, concerns, and opinions.[2][3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystander_effect
Genie (born 1957) is the pseudonym of an American feral child who was a victim of severe abuse, neglect, and social isolation. Her circumstances are prominently recorded in the annals of linguistics and abnormal child psychology.[1][2][3] When she was approximately 20 months old, her father began keeping her in a locked room. During this period, he almost always strapped her to a child's toilet or bound her in a crib with her arms and legs immobilized, forbade anyone from interacting with her, provided her with almost no stimulation of any kind, and left her severely malnourished.[4][5][6] The extent of her isolation prevented her from being exposed to any significant amount of speech, and as a result she did not acquire language during her childhood. Her abuse came to the attention of Los Angeles County child welfare authorities in November 1970, when she was 13 years and 7 months old, after which she became a ward of the state of California.[1][4][7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_(feral_child)
Since the discovery of ionizing radiation, a number of human radiation experiments have been performed to understand the effects of ionizing radiation and radioactive contamination on the human body, specifically with the element plutonium.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments
In statistics, a unit is one member of a set of entities being studied. It is the main source for the mathematical abstraction of a "random variable". Common examples of a unit would be a single person, animal, plant, manufactured item, or country that belongs to a larger collection of such entities being studied.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_unit
In statistics, a unit of observation is the unit described by the data that one analyzes. A study may treat groups as a unit of observation with a country as the unit of analysis, drawing conclusions on group characteristics from data collected at the national level. For example, in a study of the demand for money, the unit of observation might be chosen as the individual, with different observations (data points) for a given point in time differing as to which individual they refer to; or the unit of observation might be the country, with different observations differing only in regard to the country they refer to.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_observation
A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug or a wire, is usually a combination of a miniature radio transmitter with a microphone. The use of bugs, called bugging, or wiretapping is a common technique in surveillance, espionage and police investigations.
Self-contained electronic covert listening devices came into common use with intelligence agencies in the 1950s, when technology allowed for a suitable transmitter to be built into a relatively small package. By 1956, the US Central Intelligence Agency was designing and building "Surveillance Transmitters" that employed transistors, which greatly reduced the size and power consumption. An all solid-state device had low enough power needs that it could be operated by small batteries, which revolutionized the business of covert listening.
A bug does not have to be a device specifically designed for the purpose of eavesdropping. For instance, with the right equipment, it is possible to remotely activate the microphone of cellular phones, even when a call is not being made, to listen to conversations in the vicinity of the phone.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_listening_device
In neurology, retrograde amnesia (RA) is the inability to access memories or information from before an injury or disease occurred.[1] RA differs from a similar condition called anterograde amnesia (AA), which is the inability to form new memories following injury or disease onset.[2] Although an individual can have both RA and AA at the same time, RA can also occur on its own; this 'pure' form of RA can be further divided into three types: focal, isolated, and pure RA.[3] RA negatively affects an individual's episodic, autobiographical, and declarative memory, but they can still form new memories because RA leaves procedural memory intact.[3] Depending on its severity, RA can result in either temporally graded or more permanent memory loss.[3] However, memory loss usually follows Ribot's law, which states that individuals are more likely to lose recent memories than older memories.[4] Diagnosing RA generally requires using an Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) and observing brain structure through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a computed tomography scan (CT), or electroencephalography (EEG).[3][5][6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_amnesia
Retrospective memory is the memory of people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past. It includes all other types of memory including episodic, semantic and procedural.[1] It can be either implicit or explicit. In contrast, prospective memory involves remembering something or remembering to do something after a delay, such as buying groceries on the way home from work. However, it is very closely linked to retrospective memory, since certain aspects of retrospective memory are required for prospective memory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_memory
Oneirophrenia (from the Greek words "ὄνειρος" (oneiros, "dream") and "φρήν" (phrēn, "mind")) is a hallucinatory, dream-like state caused by several conditions such as prolonged sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation, or drugs (such as ibogaine). Oneirophrenia is often confused with an acute case of schizophrenia due to the onset of hallucinations.[1] The severity of this condition can range from derealization to complete hallucinations and delusions. Oneirophrenia was described for the first time in the 1950s but was studied more in the 1960s. Although it is still cited in diagnostic manuals of psychiatry, such as DSM-IV and in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), oneirophrenia as a separate entity is out of fashion nowadays.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneirophrenia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_transplant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan%27s_Brain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_medical_experiments_in_the_United_States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_%26_Experimental_Toxicology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, conducting trials of suspected heretics. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances, but convictions of unrepentant heresy were handed over to the secular courts, which generally resulted in execution or life imprisonment.[1][2][3] The Inquisition had its start in the 12th-century Kingdom of France, with the aim of combating religious deviation (e.g. apostasy or heresy), particularly among the Cathars and the Waldensians. The inquisitorial courts from this time until the mid-15th century are together known as the Medieval Inquisition. Other groups investigated during the Medieval Inquisition, which primarily took place in France and Italy, include the Spiritual Franciscans, the Hussites, and the Beguines. Beginning in the 1250s, inquisitors were generally chosen from members of the Dominican Order, replacing the earlier practice of using local clergy as judges.[4]
During the Late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, the scope of the Inquisition grew significantly in response to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. During this period, the Inquisition conducted by the Holy See was known as the Roman Inquisition. The Inquisition also expanded to other European countries,[5] resulting in the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition. The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions was instead focused particularly on the New Christians or Conversos, as the former Jews who converted to Christianity to avoid antisemitic regulations and persecution were called, the anusim (people who were forced to abandon Judaism against their will by violence and threats of expulsion) and on Muslim converts to Catholicism. The scale of the persecution of converted Muslims and converted Jews in Spain and Portugal was the result of suspicions that they had secretly reverted to their previous religions, although both religious minority groups were also more numerous on the Iberian Peninsula than in other parts of Europe, as well as the fear of possible rebellions and armed uprisings, as had occurred in previous times.
During this time, Spain and Portugal operated inquisitorial courts not only in Europe, but also throughout their empires in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. This resulted in the Goa Inquisition, the Peruvian Inquisition, and the Mexican Inquisition, among others.[6]
With the exception of the Papal States, the institution of the Inquisition was abolished in the early 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the Spanish American wars of independence in the Americas. The institution survived as part of the Roman Curia, but in 1908 it was renamed the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office. In 1965, it became the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.[7] In 2022, this office was renamed the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition
Inferno (Italian: [iɱˈfɛrno]; Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy. It is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Inferno describes Dante's journey through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine concentric circles of torment located within the Earth; it is the "realm ... of those who have rejected spiritual values by yielding to bestial appetites or violence, or by perverting their human intellect to fraud or malice against their fellowmen".[1] As an allegory, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the soul toward God, with the Inferno describing the recognition and rejection of sin.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)
Satan,[a] also known as the Devil,[b] and sometimes also called Lucifer in Christianity, is an entity in the Abrahamic religions that seduces humans into sin or falsehood. In Judaism, Satan is seen as an agent subservient to God, typically regarded as a metaphor for the yetzer hara, or "evil inclination". In Christianity and Islam, he is usually seen as a fallen angel or jinn who has rebelled against God, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of demons. In the Quran, Shaitan, also known as Iblis, is an entity made of fire who was cast out of Heaven because he refused to bow before the newly created Adam and incites humans to sin by infecting their minds with waswās ("evil suggestions").
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan
- Deb Talan (born 1968), American singer-songwriter
- Jeffrey Talan (born 1971), Dutch football player
- Raúl Talán (1907–1992), Mexican boxer
- Rick Talan (1960–2015), Dutch football player
- Roman Talan (born 1988), Ukrainian pair skater
- Scott Talan, American professor
- Talan Skeels-Piggins (born 1970), British alpine skier
Places
- Talan Island, part of the Spafaryev Islands
- Talan Towers, Kazakhstan
See also
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talan
A review bomb is an Internet phenomenon in which a large number of people or a few people with multiple accounts[1] post negative user reviews online in an attempt to harm the sales or popularity of a product, a service, or a business.[2] While a large number of negative reviews may simply be the result of a large number of customers independently criticizing something for poor quality, a review bomb may also be driven by a desire to draw attention to perceived political or cultural issues,[3] perhaps especially if the vendor seems unresponsive or inaccessible to direct feedback.[4][5] Review bombing also typically takes place over a short period of time and meant to disrupt established ratings that a product already has at review sites, sometimes backed by campaigns organized through online message boards.[4] It may be used as a mass-movement-driven coercion tactic, or may simply be a form of trolling.[2] Review bombing is a similar practice to vote brigading.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_bomb
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=alingual&title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery
Ideas of reference and delusions of reference describe the phenomenon of an individual experiencing innocuous events or mere coincidences[1] and believing they have strong personal significance.[2] It is "the notion that everything one perceives in the world relates to one's own destiny", usually in a negative and hostile manner.[3]
In psychiatry, delusions of reference form part of the diagnostic criteria for psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia,[4] delusional disorder, bipolar disorder (during the elevated stages of mania), narcissistic personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder,[5] and even autism when under periods of intense stress.[6] To a lesser extent, it can be a hallmark of paranoid personality disorder as well as body dysmorphic disorder. Such symptoms can also be caused by intoxication, such as from stimulants like methamphetamine.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_and_delusions_of_reference
Hostile attribution bias, or hostile attribution of intent, is the tendency to interpret others' behaviors as having hostile intent, even when the behavior is ambiguous or benign.[1][2][3] For example, a person with high levels of hostile attribution bias might see two people laughing and immediately interpret this behavior as two people laughing about them, even though the behavior was ambiguous and may have been benign.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_attribution_bias
Imaginary friends (also known as pretend friends, invisible friends or made-up friends) are a psychological and social phenomenon where a friendship or other interpersonal relationship takes place in the imagination rather than physical reality.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_friend
The generalized other is a concept introduced by George Herbert Mead into the social sciences, and used especially in the field of symbolic interactionism. It is the general notion that a person has of the common expectations that others may have about actions and thoughts within a particular society, and thus serves to clarify their relation to the other as a representative member of a shared social system.[1]
Any time that an actor tries to imagine what is expected of them, they are taking on the perspective of the generalized other.
An alternative name of the mentally constructed idea of who an audience is without real or complete insight is imagined audience.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_other
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_central_coherence_theory
Collective consciousness, collective conscience, or collective conscious (French: conscience collective) is the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.[1] In general, it does not refer to the specifically moral conscience, but to a shared understanding of social norms.[2]
The modern concept of what can be considered collective consciousness includes solidarity attitudes, memes, extreme behaviors like group-think and herd behavior, and collectively shared experiences during collective rituals and dance parties.[3] Rather than existing as separate individuals, people come together as dynamic groups to share resources and knowledge. It has also developed as a way of describing how an entire community comes together to share similar values. This has also been termed "hive mind", "group mind", "mass mind", and "social mind".[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_consciousness
A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared, used by sociologists in reference to any group that is used by an individual as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. More simply, as explained by Thompson and Hickey (2005), such groups are ones "that people refer to when evaluating their [own] qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors."[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_social_groups#Reference_groups
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externalization_(migration)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_migration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_migration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectification
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.[1] It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.[2]
Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions, and natural forces, such as seasons and weather.
Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters. People have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioral traits to wild as well as domesticated animals.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings
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