Absurd or The Absurd may refer to:
EntertainmentAbsurd (band), German metal band from the 1990s
"Absurd", a 1997 song by Fluke, from the album Risotto
"Absurd" (song), a 2021 song by Guns N' Roses
Theatre of the Absurd, art form utilizing the philosophy of Absurdism
Absurd (film), 1981 Italian film
Absurd or surreal humour Absurdist fiction
Philosophy
Absurdity, general and technical usage—associated with extremely poor reasoning, the ridiculous, or nonsense
Absurdism, a philosophy based on the belief that the universe is irrational and meaningless
Absurd, a term used in logic to describe a contradiction Reductio ad absurdum, a type of logical argument
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Absurd.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurd
An absurdity is a state or condition of being extremely unreasonable, meaningless or unsound in reason so as to be irrational or not taken seriously. "Absurd" is an adjective used to describe an absurdity, e.g., "Tyler and the boys laughed at the absurd situation."[1] It derives from the Latin absurdum meaning "out of tune", hence irrational.[2] The Latin surdus means "deaf", implying stupidity.[1] Absurdity is contrasted with being realistic or reasonable[3] In general usage, absurdity may be synonymous with fanciful, foolish, bizarre, wild or nonsense. In specialized usage, absurdity is related to extremes in bad reasoning or pointlessness in reasoning; ridiculousness is related to extremes of incongruous juxtaposition, laughter, and ridicule; and nonsense is related to a lack of meaningfulness. Absurdism is a concept in philosophy related to the notion of absurdity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdity
For the meaning of variables in MediaWiki and Wikipedia, see m:Help:Advanced templates
Look up Variable, variable, or variables in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiversity has learning resources about Variable
Variable may refer to: Variable (computer science), a symbolic name associated with a value and whose associated value may be changed
Variable (mathematics), a symbol that represents a quantity in a mathematical expression, as used in many sciences
Variable (research), a logical set of attributes
Variable star, a type of astronomical star
"The Variable", an episode of the television series Lost
See also
Variability (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Variable.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable
Variegation is the appearance of differently coloured zones in the leaves and sometimes the stems and fruit of plants. Species with variegated individuals are sometimes found in the understory of tropical rainforests, and this habitat is the source of a number of variegated houseplants.[1] Variegation is caused by mutations that affect chlorophyll production or by viruses, such as mosaic viruses, which have been studied by scientists. The striking look of variegated plants is desired by many gardeners, and some have deliberately tried to induce it for aesthetic purposes. There are a number of gardening books about variegated plants, and some gardening societies specialize in them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegation
A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums)[1] is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without gaps, across a continuum. The word was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light after passing through a prism. As scientific understanding of light advanced, it came to apply to the entire electromagnetic spectrum. It thereby became a mapping of a range of magnitudes (wavelengths) to a range of qualities, which are the perceived "colors of the rainbow" and other properties which correspond to wavelengths that lie outside of the visible light spectrum.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum
Variant may refer to:
In arts and entertainmentVariant (magazine), a former British cultural magazine
Variant cover, an issue of comic books with varying cover art
Variant (novel), a novel by Robison Wells
"The Variant", 2021 episode of the TV series Loki Sylvie (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character who was originally referred to as the Variant
In the MCU at large, "Variant" means a character from Parallel universes in fiction
In gamingChess variant, a game derived from, related to or similar to chess in at least one respect
List of poker variants
List of Tetris variants
In mathematics and computingVariant (logic), a term or formula obtained from another one by consistently renaming all variables
Variant symlinks, a symbolic link to a file that has a variable name embedded in it
Variant type, in programming languages
Z-variant, unicode characters that share the same etymology but have slightly different appearances
Computer securityIn network security, varieties of computer worms are called variants.
In biologyAllele, a variant of a gene
In microbiology and virology, a variant, or 'genetic variant' is a subtype of a known microorganism.
VehiclesVolkswagen Variant, an air-cooled station wagon produced until the early 1980s
TeST TST-5 Variant, a Czech aircraft design of the 1990s
Other usesVariant name (geography), a name for a geographic feature that is not in primary use
Variant Chinese character, Chinese characters that can be used interchangeably
Orthographical variant, a variant spelling of a botanical name
Varyant, a road in İzmir, Turkey
See also
Variety (disambiguation)
Variation (disambiguation)
Change (disambiguation)
Variations on a Theme (disambiguation)
Rate of change (disambiguation)
Repetition (disambiguation)
Variability (disambiguation)
Variance
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Variant.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant
Absurdism is the philosophical theory that existence in general is absurd, meaning that the world lacks meaning or a higher purpose and is not fully intelligible by reason. The term "absurd" has a specific sense in the context of absurdism: it refers to a conflict or a discrepancy between two things but there are several disagreements about their exact nature. These disagreements have various consequences for whether absurdism is true and for the arguments cited in favor and against it. Popular accounts characterize the conflict as a collision between rational man and an irrational universe, between intention and outcome, or between subjective assessment and objective worth. An important aspect of absurdism is its claim that the world as a whole is absurd. It differs in this regard from the less global thesis that some particular situations, persons, or phases in life are absurd.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism
Absurdism, a philosophy based on the belief that the universe is irrational and meaningless
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurd
The human condition can be defined as the characteristics and key events of human life, including birth, learning, emotion, aspiration, morality, conflict, and death. This is a very broad topic that has been and continues to be pondered and analyzed from many perspectives, including those of anthropology, art, biology, history, literature, philosophy, psychology, and religion.
As a literary term, "human condition" is typically used in the context of ambiguous subjects, such as the meaning of life or moral concerns.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition
Humans (Homo sapiens) are the most common and widespread species of primate in the great ape family Hominidae. Humans are broadly characterized by their bipedalism and high intelligence. Humans' large brain and resulting cognitive skills have allowed them to thrive in a variety of environments and develop complex societies and civilizations. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. As such, social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, languages, and rituals, each of which bolsters human society. The desire to understand and influence phenomena has motivated humanity's development of science, technology, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other conceptual frameworks.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human
Look up humankind in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Humankind is all humans collectively.
Humankind may also refer to: Humankind (video game), a 2021 strategy game by Amplitude Studios
Humankind, an American radio show on WGBH (FM)
"Humankind", a 2021 song on Music of the Spheres (Coldplay album)
See also
Humankind: A Hopeful History, a 2019 Dutch book by Rutger Bregman
Ancestors: The Humankind Odyssey, a 2019 survival video game
Cradle of Humankind, a paleoanthropological site in South Africa
Origins: The Journey of Humankind, a 2017 American documentary TV series
Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, a 2014 Hebrew book by Yuval Noah Harari
Temples of Humankind, a series of underground temples in northern Italy
"The Cradle of Humankind", a song on Flogging Molly's 2011 album, Speed of Darkness
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Humankind.
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Categories: Disambiguation pages
Place name disambiguation pages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humankind_(disambiguation)
Survival, or the act of surviving, is the propensity of something to continue existing, particularly when this is done despite conditions that might kill or destroy it. The concept can be applied to humans and other living things (or, hypothetically, any sentient being), to physical object, and to abstract things such as beliefs or ideas. Living things generally have a self-preservation instinct to survive, while objects intended for use in harsh conditions are designed for survivability.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideation
In international relations (IR), constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors.[1][2][3] The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held; these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors.[1][3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)
Marxist and neo-Marxist international relations theories are paradigms which reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation, instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. It purports to reveal how the economy trumps other concerns, which allows for the elevation of class as the focus of the study.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility
Volatility or volatile may refer to:
ChemistryVolatility (chemistry), a measuring tendency of a substance or liquid to vaporize easily
Relative volatility, a measure of vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture
Volatile (astrogeology), a group of compounds with low boiling points that are associated with a planet's or moon's crust and atmosphere
Volatile organic compounds, organic or carbon compounds that can evaporate at normal temperature and pressure
Volatile anaesthetics, a class of anaesthetics which evaporate or vaporize easily
Volatile substance abuse, the abuse of household inhalants containing volatile compounds
Volatile oil, also known as essential oil, an oil derived from plants with aromatic compounds used in cosmetic and flavoring industries
Volatile acid/Volatile acidity, a term used inconsisitenly across the fields of winemaking, wastewater treatment, physiology, and other fields
Computer scienceVolatile variables, variables that can be changed by an external process
Volatile memory, memory that lasts only while the power is on (and thus would be lost after a restart)
Volatility (memory forensics), an open source memory forensics tool
Other uses
Volatility (finance), a measure of the risk in a financial instrument
Volatiles, the volatile compounds of magma (mostly water vapor) that affect the appearance and strength of volcanoes
Stochastic volatility, in the mathematical theory of probability
Pedersen index, a measure of electoral volatility in political party systems
One of the components of the set of phenomena known as volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity
Volatile Games, a video games maker
Volatile (A Hero A Fake album), 2008
Volatile (The Lime Spiders album), 1988
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Volatility.
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Category: Disambiguation pages
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In statistics, stochastic volatility models are those in which the variance of a stochastic process is itself randomly distributed.[1] They are used in the field of mathematical finance to evaluate derivative securities, such as options. The name derives from the models' treatment of the underlying security's volatility as a random process, governed by state variables such as the price level of the underlying security, the tendency of volatility to revert to some long-run mean value, and the variance of the volatility process itself, among others.
Stochastic volatility models are one approach to resolve a shortcoming of the Black–Scholes model. In particular, models based on Black-Scholes assume that the underlying volatility is constant over the life of the derivative, and unaffected by the changes in the price level of the underlying security. However, these models cannot explain long-observed features of the implied volatility surface such as volatility smile and skew, which indicate that implied volatility does tend to vary with respect to strike price and expiry. By assuming that the volatility of the underlying price is a stochastic process rather than a constant, it becomes possible to model derivatives more accurately.
The early history of stochastic volatility has multiple roots (i.e. stochastic process, option pricing and econometrics), it is reviewed in Chapter 1 of Neil Shephard (2005) "Stochastic Volatility," Oxford University Press.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_volatility
In probability theory and statistics, variance is the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable. The variance is also often defined as the square of the standard deviation. Variance is a measure of dispersion, meaning it is a measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out from their average value. It is the second central moment of a distribution, and the covariance of the random variable with itself, and it is often represented by σ 2
, s 2 
, Var ( X ) 
, V ( X ) 
, or V ( X ) 
.[1] An advantage of variance as a measure of dispersion is that it is more amenable to algebraic manipulation than other measures of dispersion such as the expected absolute deviation; for example, the variance of a sum of uncorrelated random variables is equal to the sum of their variances. A disadvantage of the variance for practical applications is that, unlike the standard deviation, its units differ from the random variable, which is why the standard deviation is more commonly reported as a measure of dispersion once the calculation is finished.
There are two distinct concepts that are both called "variance". One, as discussed above, is part of a theoretical probability distribution and is defined by an equation. The other variance is a characteristic of a set of observations. When variance is calculated from observations, those observations are typically measured from a real world system. If all possible observations of the system are present then the calculated variance is called the population variance. Normally, however, only a subset is available, and the variance calculated from this is called the sample variance. The variance calculated from a sample is considered an estimate of the full population variance. There are multiple ways to calculate an estimate of the population variance, as discussed in the section below.
The two kinds of variance are closely related. To see how, consider that a theoretical probability distribution can be used as a generator of hypothetical observations. If an infinite number of observations are generated using a distribution, then the sample variance calculated from that infinite set will match the value calculated using the distribution's equation for variance. Variance has a central role in statistics, where some ideas that use it include descriptive statistics, statistical inference, hypothesis testing, goodness of fit, and Monte Carlo sampling.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nuclear_Event_Scale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Error
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_Error_(disambiguation)&redirect=no
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:R_from_incomplete_disambiguation
A conspiracy, also known as a plot, is a secret plan or agreement between people (called conspirers or conspirators) for an unlawful or harmful purpose, such as murder or treason, especially with political motivation,[1] while keeping their agreement secret from the public or from other people affected by it. In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of people united in the goal of usurping, altering or overthrowing an established political power. Depending on the circumstances, a conspiracy may also be a crime, or a civil wrong.[2] The term generally implies wrongdoing or illegality on the part of the conspirators, as people would not need to conspire to engage in activities that were lawful and ethical, or to which no one would object.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument[1][2] which may appear to be a well-reasoned argument if unnoticed. The term was introduced in the Western intellectual tradition by the Aristotelian De Sophisticis Elenchis.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronostasis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_perception
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference#Prediction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chairness
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete
"Abstract entity" redirects here. For conceptual abstraction, see abstraction. For the album by Kiana, see Abstract Entity.
In metaphysics, the distinction between abstract and concrete refers to a divide between two types of entities. Many philosophers hold that this difference has fundamental metaphysical significance. Examples of concrete objects include plants, human beings and planets while things like numbers, sets and propositions are abstract objects.[1] There is no general consensus as to what the characteristic marks of concreteness and abstractness are. Popular suggestions include defining the distinction in terms of the difference between (1) existence inside or outside space-time, (2) having causes and effects or not, (3) having contingent or necessary existence, (4) being particular or universal and (5) belonging to either the physical or the mental realm or to neither.[2][3][4] Despite this diversity of views, there is broad agreement concerning most objects as to whether they are abstract or concrete.[1] So under most interpretations, all these views would agree that, for example, plants are concrete objects while numbers are abstract objects.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism
In religion and theology, revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realization_(probability)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_probability
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_space
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremum_estimator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_model
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonic_function
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_order_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit-preserving_function_(order_theory)
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the abstract notion of a limit captures the essential properties of universal constructions such as products, pullbacks and inverse limits. The dual notion of a colimit generalizes constructions such as disjoint unions, direct sums, coproducts, pushouts and direct limits.
Limits and colimits, like the strongly related notions of universal properties and adjoint functors, exist at a high level of abstraction. In order to understand them, it is helpful to first study the specific examples these concepts are meant to generalize.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(category_theory)
Limitation may refer to: Limitation Act, a list of legislation in Malaysia and the United Kingdom
A statute of limitations
Limitations (novel), a 2006 novel by Scott Turow
A disclaimer for research done in an experiment or study
See also
All pages with titles containing Limitation
Limit (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Limitation.
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A statute of limitations, known in civil law systems as a prescriptive period, is a law passed by a legislative body to set the maximum time after an event within which legal proceedings may be initiated.[1][2] In most jurisdictions, such periods exist for both criminal law and civil law such as contract law and property law, though often under different names and with varying details.
When the time which is specified in a statute of limitations runs out, a claim might no longer be filed or, if it is filed, it may be subject to dismissal if the defense against that claim is raised that the claim is time-barred as having been filed after the statutory limitations period.[3]
When a statute of limitations expires in a criminal case, the courts no longer have jurisdiction. Most common crimes that have statutes of limitations are distinguished from particularly serious crimes because the latter claims may be brought at any time.
In civil law systems, such provisions are typically part of their civil and criminal codes. The cause of action dictates the statute of limitations, which can be reduced or extended in order to ensure a full and fair trial.[4] The intention of these laws is to facilitate resolution within a "reasonable" period of time.[5] What amount of time is considered "reasonable" varies from country to country.[6] In the United States, it may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and state to state. Internationally, the statute of limitations may vary from one civil or criminal action to another. Some countries have no statute of limitations whatsoever.
Analysis of a statute of limitations also requires the examination of any associated statute of repose, tolling provisions, and exclusions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations
In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium. An early example is an invention of language, which enabled a person, through speech, to communicate what they thought, saw, heard, or felt to others. But speech limits the range of communication to the distance a voice can carry and limits the audience to those present when the speech is uttered. The invention of writing, which converted spoken language into visual symbols, extended the range of communication across space and time.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code
In physics, spacetime is a mathematical model that combines the three dimensions of space and one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional manifold. Spacetime diagrams can be used to visualize relativistic effects, such as why different observers perceive differently where and when events occur.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_special_relativity#Lorentz's_1904_model
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_phenomena
In theoretical physics, an invariant is an observable of a physical system which remains unchanged under some transformation. Invariance, as a broader term, also applies to the no change of form of physical laws under a transformation, and is closer in scope to the mathematical definition. Invariants of a system are deeply tied to the symmetries imposed by its environment.
Invariance is an important concept in modern theoretical physics, and many theories are expressed in terms of their symmetries and invariants.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_(physics)
Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena.[1] The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science (physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology). Laws are developed from data and can be further developed through mathematics; in all cases they are directly or indirectly based on empirical evidence. It is generally understood that they implicitly reflect, though they do not explicitly assert, causal relationships fundamental to reality, and are discovered rather than invented.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law#Laws_of_physics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_science
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_geology
"Limit point" redirects here. For uses where the word "point" is optional, see Limit (mathematics) and Limit (disambiguation) § Mathematics.
In mathematics, a limit point, accumulation point, or cluster point of a set S
in a topological space X 
is a point x 
that can be "approximated" by points of S in the sense that every neighbourhood of x with respect to the topology on X also contains a point of S other than x itself. A limit point of a set S does not itself have to be an element of S . 
There is also a closely related concept for sequences. A cluster point or accumulation point of a sequence ( x n ) n ∈ N 
in a topological space X is a point x such that, for every neighbourhood V 
of x , 
there are infinitely many natural numbers n 
such that x n ∈ V . 
This definition of a cluster or accumulation point of a sequence generalizes to nets and filters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulation_point
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit
A delimiter is a sequence of one or more characters for specifying the boundary between separate, independent regions in plain text, mathematical expressions or other data streams.[1][2] An example of a delimiter is the comma character, which acts as a field delimiter in a sequence of comma-separated values. Another example of a delimiter is the time gap used to separate letters and words in the transmission of Morse code.
In mathematics, delimiters are often used to specify the scope of an operation, and can occur both as isolated symbols (e.g., colon in " 1 : 4
") and as a pair of opposing-looking symbols (e.g., angled brackets in ⟨ a , b ⟩ 
). Delimiters represent one of various means of specifying boundaries in a data stream. Declarative notation, for example, is an alternate method that uses a length field at the start of a data stream to specify the number of characters that the data stream contains.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimiter
Newline (frequently called line ending, end of line (EOL), next line (NEL) or line break) is a control character or sequence of control characters in character encoding specifications such as ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, etc. This character, or a sequence of characters, is used to signify the end of a line of text and the start of a new one.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline
A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY) is an electromechanical device that can be used to send and receive typed messages through various communications channels, in both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint configurations. Initially they were used in telegraphy, which developed in the late 1830s and 1840s as the first use of electrical engineering,[1] though teleprinters were not used for telegraphy until 1887 at the earliest.[2] The machines were adapted to provide a user interface to early mainframe computers and minicomputers, sending typed data to the computer and printing the response. Some models could also be used to create punched tape for data storage (either from typed input or from data received from a remote source) and to read back such tape for local printing or transmission.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter
A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron,[1] is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers. Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers.
The term mainframe was derived from the large cabinet, called a main frame,[2] that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers.[3][4] Later, the term mainframe was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer
Backward compatibility (sometimes known as backwards compatibility) is a property of an operating system, software or real-world product, or technology that allows for interoperability with an older legacy system, or with input designed for such a system, especially in telecommunications and computing.
Modifying a system in a way that does not allow backward compatibility is sometimes called "breaking" backward compatibility.[1]
A complementary concept is forward compatibility. A design that is forward-compatible usually has a roadmap for compatibility with future standards and products.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility
Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction (often shortened to mono) is sound intended to be heard as if it were emanating from one position.[1] This contrasts with stereophonic sound or stereo, which uses two separate audio channels to reproduce sound from two microphones on the right and left side, which is reproduced with two separate loudspeakers to give a sense of the direction of sound sources. In mono, only one loudspeaker is necessary, but, when played through multiple loudspeakers or headphones, identical signals are fed to each speaker, resulting in the perception of one-channel sound "imaging" in one sonic space between the speakers (provided that the speakers are set up in a proper symmetrical critical-listening placement). Monaural recordings, like stereo ones, typically use multiple microphones fed into multiple channels on a recording console, but each channel is "panned" to the center. In the final stage, the various center-panned signal paths are usually mixed down to two identical tracks, which, because they are identical, are perceived upon playback as representing a single unified signal at a single place in the soundstage. In some cases, multitrack sources are mixed to a one-track tape, thus becoming one signal. In the mastering stage, particularly in the days of mono records, the one- or two-track mono master tape was then transferred to a one-track lathe used to produce a master disc intended to be used in the pressing of a monophonic record. Today, however, monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, yet retain their center-panned mono soundstage characteristics.
Monaural sound has largely been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications, but remains the standard for radiotelephone communications, telephone networks, and audio induction loops for use with hearing aids.[2] FM radio stations broadcast in stereo, while most AM radio stations broadcast in mono. (Although an AM stereo broadcast standard exists, few AM stations are equipped to use it.) A few FM stations—notably talk-radio stations—choose to broadcast in monaural because of the slight advantage in signal strength and bandwidth the standard affords over a stereophonic signal of the same power.
_label.svg)
A diagram of monaural sound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaural
Binaural recording is a method of recording sound that uses two microphones, arranged with the intent to create a 3-D stereo sound sensation for the listener of actually being in the room with the performers or instruments. This effect is often created using a technique known as dummy head recording, wherein a mannequin head is fitted with a microphone in each ear. Binaural recording is intended for replay using headphones and will not translate properly over stereo speakers. This idea of a three-dimensional or "internal" form of sound has also translated into useful advancement of technology in many things such as stethoscopes creating "in-head" acoustics and IMAX movies being able to create a three-dimensional acoustic experience.
The term "binaural" has frequently been confused as a synonym for the word "stereo", due in part to systematic misuse in the mid-1950s by the recording industry, as a marketing buzzword. Conventional stereo recordings do not factor in natural ear spacing or "head shadow" of the head and ears, since these things happen naturally as a person listens, generating interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs) specific to their listening position. Because loudspeaker-crosstalk with conventional stereo interferes with binaural reproduction (i.e., because the sound from each channel's speaker is heard by both ears rather than only by the ear on the corresponding side, as would be the case with headphones), either headphones are required, or crosstalk cancellation of signals intended for loudspeakers such as Ambiophonics is required. For listening using conventional speaker-stereo, or MP3 players, a pinna-less dummy head may be preferable for quasi-binaural recordings such as the sphere microphone or Ambiophone. As a general rule, for true binaural results, an audio recording and reproduction system chain, from the microphone to the listener's brain, should contain one and only one set of pinnae (preferably the listener's own), and one head-shadow.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaural_recording
A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from Greek: τῆλε (tēle, far) and φωνή (phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice. A common short form of the term is phone, which came into use early in the telephone's history.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Eurasia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_citizenship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ides_of_March
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time
"UT1" redirects here. For other uses, see UT1 (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Coordinated Universal Time.
Universal Time (UT or UT1) is a time standard based on Earth's rotation.[1] While originally it was mean solar time at 0° longitude, precise measurements of the Sun are difficult. Therefore, UT1 is computed from a measure of the Earth's angle with respect to the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF), called the Earth Rotation Angle (ERA, which serves as a modern replacement for Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time). UT1 is the same everywhere on Earth. UT1 is required to follow the relationship ERA = 2π(0.7790572732640 + 1.00273781191135448 · Tu) radians
where Tu = (Julian UT1 date - 2451545.0).[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time
This article is about time synchronisation in a given area. For the concept used in industrial engineering, see Standard time (manufacturing).
Not to be confused with Time standard.
Worldwide time zones at present
Standard time is the synchronisation of clocks within a geographical region to a single time standard, rather than a local mean time standard. Generally, standard time agrees with the local mean time at some meridian that passes through the region, often near the centre of the region. Historically, standard time was established during the 19th century to aid weather forecasting and train travel. Applied globally in the 20th century, the geographical regions became time zones. The standard time in each time zone has come to be defined as an offset from Universal Time. A further offset is applied for part of the year in regions with daylight saving time.
The adoption of standard time, because of the inseparable correspondence between time and longitude, solidified the concept of halving the globe into an eastern and western hemisphere, with one prime meridian replacing the various prime meridians that had previously been used.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_time
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO /ˈaɪsoʊ/[3]) is an international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries.[4] Membership requirements are given in Article 3 of the ISO Statutes.[5]
ISO was founded on 23 February 1947, and (as of November 2022) it has published over 24,500 international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing. It has 811 Technical committees and sub committees to take care of standards development.[6] The organization develops and publishes standardization in all technical and nontechnical fields other than electrical and electronic engineering, which is handled by the IEC.[7] It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland,[8] and works in 167 countries as of 2023. The three official languages of the ISO are English, French, and Russian.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization
ISO 1 is an international standard set by the International Organization for Standardization that specifies the standard reference temperature for geometrical product specification and verification. The temperature is fixed at 20 °C, which is equal to 293.15 kelvin and 68 degrees Fahrenheit.[1]
Due to thermal expansion, precision length measurements need to be made at (or converted to) a defined temperature. ISO 1 helps in comparing measurements by defining such a reference temperature. The reference temperature of 20 °C was adopted by the CIPM on 15 April 1931, and became ISO recommendation number 1 in 1951.[2] It soon replaced worldwide other reference temperatures for length measurements that manufacturers of precision equipment had used before, including 0 °C, 62 °F, and 25 °C. Among the reasons for choosing 20 °C was that this was a comfortable and practical workshop temperature and that it resulted in an integer value on both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_1
Geneva (/dʒəˈniːvə/ jə-NEE-və;[4] French: Genève [ʒənɛv] (
listen))[note 1] is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated in the south west of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy
A false etymology (fake etymology, popular etymology, etymythology,[1] pseudo-etymology, or par(a)etymology) is a popular but false belief about the origin or derivation of a specific word. It is sometimes called a folk etymology, but this is also a technical term in linguistics.
Such etymologies often have the feel of urban legends and can be more colorful and fanciful than the typical etymologies found in dictionaries, often involving stories of unusual practices in particular subcultures (e.g. Oxford students from non-noble families being supposedly forced to write sine nobilitate by their name, soon abbreviated to s.nob., hence the word snob).[2][3] Many recent examples are "backronyms" (acronyms made up to explain a term), such as posh for "port outward, starboard homeward".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_etymology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_etymology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_word_for_%22crisis%22
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_cognate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_transfer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscientific_language_comparison
An international standard is a technical standard developed by one or more international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide. The most prominent such organization is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Other prominent international standards organizations including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Together, these three organizations have formed the World Standards Cooperation alliance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard
The United Nations, referred to informally as the UN, is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.[2] It is the world's largest international organization.[3] The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and the organization has other offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague, where the International Court of Justice is headquartered.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in history, resulting in an estimated 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, massacres, and disease. In the wake of the Axis defeat, Germany and Japan were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
The United Nations is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, United States. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1951. It is in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, on 17 to 18 acres (6.9 to 7.3 ha) of grounds overlooking the East River. It borders First Avenue to the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street to the north, and the East River to the east.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations
The East River is a saltwater tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, also on Long Island.[1]
Because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River.[2] The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to strong fluctuations in its current, which are accentuated by its narrowness and variety of depths. The waterway is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles (26 km), and was historically the center of maritime activities in the city.[1][3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1945
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_1945
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/finland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_1970s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_21st_century
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Octopus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_speech
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?fulltext=Search&search=bombs&title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_library
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_policy_of_the_United_States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Clause
Separation of powers refers to the division of a state's government into "branches", each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with those of the other branches. The typical division into three branches of government, sometimes called the trias politica model, includes a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in parliamentary and semi-presidential systems where there can be overlap in membership and functions between different branches, especially the executive and legislative. In most non-authoritarian jurisdictions, however, the judiciary almost never overlaps with the other branches, whether powers in the jurisdiction are separated or fused.
The intention behind a system of separated powers is to prevent the concentration of power by providing for checks and balances. The separation of powers model is often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the trias politica principle. While the trias politica model is a common type of separation, there are governments that have more or fewer than three branches.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers
Lycurgus (/laɪˈkɜːrɡəs/; Greek: Λυκοῦργος Lykourgos; fl. c. 820 BC) was the legendary lawgiver of Sparta. He is credited with establishing the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. All his reforms promoted the three Spartan virtues: equality (among citizens), military fitness, and austerity.[1]
He is referred to by ancient historians and philosophers Herodotus, Xenophon, Plato, Polybius, Plutarch, and Epictetus. It is not clear if Lycurgus was an actual historical figure; however, many ancient historians[2] believed that he instituted the communalistic and militaristic reforms – most notably the Great Rhetra – which transformed Spartan society.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycurgus_(lawgiver)
Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly called Parallel Lives or Plutarch's Lives, is a series of 48 biographies of famous men, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably written at the beginning of the second century AD.[1] The surviving Parallel Lives (Greek: Βίοι Παράλληλοι, Bíoi Parállēloi) comprises 23 pairs of biographies, each pair consisting of one Greek and one Roman of similar destiny, such as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, or Demosthenes and Cicero. It is a work of considerable importance, not only as a source of information about the individuals described, but also about the times in which they lived.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Lives
William Shakespeare (bapt. 26[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)[b] was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.[3][4][5] He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard").[6][c] His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.[8] He remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare
Argentina–Spain relations are the bilateral relationship between the Argentine Republic and the Kingdom of Spain. Since a great portion of the immigrants to Argentina before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, and a significant part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Argentina were Spaniards, the large majority of Argentines are at least partly of Spanish ancestry. Both nations are members of the Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Spain_relations
The Organization of Ibero-American States (Spanish: Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos, Portuguese: Organização de Estados Iberoamericanos, Catalan: Organització d'Estats Iberoamericans; abbreviated as OEI), formally the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture, is an international organization made up of 23 members states of Iberophone nations in Europe and the Americas, as well as one member in Africa. The OEI's membership is composed of all of the sovereign states of Ibero-America and the Iberian Peninsula, as well as Equatorial Guinea. All members are Portuguese and Spanish speaking nations, in addition to Andorra, which is predominantly Catalan speaking, though the organization does not include all the Iberophone nations of the world.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States
Pan-Americanism is a movement that seeks to create, encourage, and organize relationships, associations and cooperation among the states of the Americas, through diplomatic, political, economic, and social means.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Americanism
Subcategories
This category has the following 25 subcategories, out of 25 total.
*
- Irredentism (38 C, 54 P)
A
- Pan-Asianism (1 C, 17 P)
B
- Basque Country (greater region) (10 C, 3 P)
C
- Celtic nationalism (10 C, 26 P)
E
- Pan-Europeanism (9 C, 22 P)
F
- Flemish Movement (2 C, 30 P)
G
- Pan-Germanism (3 C, 18 P)
I
- Pan-Iberism (1 C, 1 P)
M
- Pan-Mongolism (1 C, 2 P)
O
- Pan-Oceanianism (1 P)
R
- Rattachism (2 C, 2 P)
S
- Syrian Social Nationalist Party (1 C, 11 P)
T
- Pan-Turkism (5 C, 16 P)
Y
- Yugoslavism (4 C, 45 P)
Pages in category "Pan-nationalism"
The following 39 pages are in this category, out of 39 total. This list may not reflect recent changes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pan-nationalism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba
Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),[1] was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the Latin love elegists.[2] Although Ovid enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime, the emperor Augustus banished him to Tomis, a Dacian province on the Black Sea, where he remained a decade until his death.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid
Inferno (Italian: [iɱˈfɛrno]; Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy. It is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Inferno describes Dante's journey through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine concentric circles of torment located within the Earth; it is the "realm ... of those who have rejected spiritual values by yielding to bestial appetites or violence, or by perverting their human intellect to fraud or malice against their fellowmen".[1] As an allegory, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the soul toward God, with the Inferno describing the recognition and rejection of sin.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)
Purgatorio (Italian: [purɡaˈtɔːrjo]; Italian for "Purgatory") is the second part of Dante's Divine Comedy, following the Inferno and preceding the Paradiso. The poem was written in the early 14th century. It is an allegory telling of the climb of Dante up the Mount of Purgatory, guided by the Roman poet Virgil—except for the last four cantos, at which point Beatrice takes over as Dante's guide. Allegorically, Purgatorio represents the penitent Christian life.[1] In describing the climb Dante discusses the nature of sin, examples of vice and virtue, as well as moral issues in politics and in the Church. The poem posits the theory that all sins arise from love – either perverted love directed towards others' harm, or deficient love, or the disordered or excessive love of good things.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio
In geography, the antipode (/ˈæntɪˌpoʊd, ænˈtɪpədi/) of any spot on Earth is the point on Earth's surface diametrically opposite to it. A pair of points antipodal (/ænˈtɪpədəl/) to each other are situated such that a straight line connecting the two would pass through Earth's center. Antipodal points are as far away from each other as possible.[note 1] The North and South Poles are antipodes of each other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodes
In the Northern Hemisphere, "the Antipodes" may refer to Australia and New Zealand, and Antipodeans to their inhabitants.[2] Geographically, the antipodes of the British Isles are in the Pacific Ocean, south of New Zealand. This gave rise to the name of the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand, which are close to the antipode of London. With the exception of a part of the Perth metropolitan area near Baldivis and Rockingham that is antipodal to Bermuda, the antipodes of Australia are in the North Atlantic Ocean, while parts of Spain, Portugal, France and Morocco are antipodal to New Zealand.
Approximately 15% of land territory is antipodal to other land, representing approximately 4.4% of Earth's surface.[3] Another source estimates that about 3% of Earth's surface is antipodal land.[4] The largest antipodal land masses are the Malay Archipelago, antipodal to the Amazon basin and adjoining Andean ranges; east China and Mongolia, antipodal to Argentina; and Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, antipodal to East Antarctica. There is a general paucity of antipodal land because the Southern Hemisphere has comparatively less land than the Northern Hemisphere and, of that, the antipodes of Australia are in the North Atlantic Ocean, while the antipodes of southern Africa are in the Pacific Ocean.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould%27s_wattled_bat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_winter
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