Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic saltderived from indigo by aromatic sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. It is approved for use as a food colorant in the U.S and E.U.[2][3] It has the E number E132. It is also a pH indicator.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_carmine
Phenol red (also known as phenolsulfonphthalein or PSP) is a pH indicatorfrequently used in cell biology laboratories.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol_red
Solvent drag, also known as bulk transport, refers to solutes in the ultrafiltrate that are transported back from the renal tubule by the flow of water rather than specifically by ion pumps or other membrane transport proteins.[1] This is a phenomenon primarily in renal physiology, but it also occurs in gastrointestinal physiology.
It generally occurs in the paracellular, rather than transcellular, pathway between the tubular cells.
It is seen e.g. in the passive transport in renal sodium reabsorption, renal chloride reabsorption as well as renal urea handling.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_drag
In the physiology of the kidney, renal blood flow (RBF) is the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time. In humans, the kidneys together receive roughly 25% of cardiac output, amounting to 1.2 - 1.3 L/min in a 70-kg adult male. It passes about 94% to the cortex. RBF is closely related to renal plasma flow (RPF), which is the volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time.
While the terms generally apply to arterial blood delivered to the kidneys, both RBF and RPF can be used to quantify the volume of venous blood exiting the kidneys per unit time. In this context, the terms are commonly given subscripts to refer to arterial or venous blood or plasma flow, as in RBFa, RBFv, RPFa, and RPFv. Physiologically, however, the differences in these values are negligible so that arterial flow and venous flow are often assumed equal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_blood_flow
Urine flow rate or urinary flow rate is the volumetric flow rate of urine during urination. It is a measure of the quantity of urine excreted in a specified period of time (per second or per minute). It is measured with uroflowmetry, a type of flow measurement.
The letters "V" (for volume) and "Q" (a conventional symbol for flow rate) are both used as a symbol for urine flow rate. The V often has a dot (overdot), that is, V̇ ("V-dot"). Qmax indicates the maximum flow rate. Qmax is used as an indicator for the diagnosis of enlarged prostate. A lower Qmax may indicate that the enlarged prostate puts pressure on the urethra, partially occluding it.
Uroflowmetry is performed by urinating into a special urinal, toilet, or disposable device that has a measuring device built in.[1] The average rate changes with age.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_flow_rate
In physiology, base excess and base deficit refer to an excess or deficit, respectively, in the amount of base present in the blood. The value is usually reported as a concentration in units of mEq/L (mmol/L), with positive numbers indicating an excess of base and negative a deficit. A typical reference range for base excess is −2 to +2 mEq/L.[1]
Comparison of the base excess with the reference range assists in determining whether an acid/base disturbance is caused by a respiratory, metabolic, or mixed metabolic/respiratory problem. While carbon dioxide defines the respiratory component of acid–base balance, base excess defines the metabolic component. Accordingly, measurement of base excess is defined, under a standardized pressure of carbon dioxide, by titrating back to a standardized blood pH of 7.40.
The predominant base contributing to base excess is bicarbonate. Thus, a deviation of serum bicarbonate from the reference range is ordinarily mirrored by a deviation in base excess. However, base excess is a more comprehensive measurement, encompassing all metabolic contributions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excess
Delta ratio, or "delta-delta", is a formula that can be used to assess elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis and to evaluate whether a mixed acid–base disorder (metabolic acidosis) is present. The anion gap (AG) without potassium is calculated first and if a metabolic acidosis is present, results in either a high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) or a normal anion gap acidosis(NAGMA). A low anion gap is usually an oddity of measurement, rather than a clinical concern.
Equation[edit]
The equation for calculating the delta ratio is:,[1] where AG = [Na+] - ([Cl−] + [HCO−
3]) and reflects either an increase in the anion gap or a decrease in the bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3¯]).[2]
![{\displaystyle {\frac {[AG]-12}{24-[HCO_{3}^{-}]}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28b78fbe239af38826a0a09818e51397f699c80f)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_ratio
The anion gap[1][2] (AG or AGAP) is a value calculated from the results of multiple individual medical lab tests. It may be reported with the results of an electrolyte panel, which is often performed as part of a comprehensive metabolic panel.[3]
The anion gap is the difference between certain measured cations (positively charged ions) and the measured anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference (i.e., "gap") in the serum is often calculated in medicine when attempting to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis, a lower than normal pH in the blood. If the gap is greater than normal, then high anion gap metabolic acidosis is diagnosed.
The term "anion gap" usually implies "serum anion gap", but the urine anion gapis also a clinically useful measure.[4][5][6][7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion_gap
The fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney which is excreted in the urine. It is measured in terms of plasma and urine sodium, rather than by the interpretation of urinary sodium concentration alone, as urinary sodium concentrations can vary with water reabsorption. Therefore, the urinary and plasma concentrations of sodium must be compared to get an accurate picture of kidney clearance. In clinical use, the fractional excretion of sodium can be calculated as part of the evaluation of acute kidney failure in order to determine if hypovolemia or decreased effective circulating plasma volume is a contributor to the kidney failure.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_excretion_of_sodium
In the physiology of the kidney, tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is a feedback system inside the kidneys. Within each nephron, information from the renal tubules (a downstream area of the tubular fluid) is signaled to the glomerulus (an upstream area). Tubuloglomerular feedback is one of several mechanisms the kidney uses to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It involves the concept of purinergic signaling, in which an increased distal tubular sodium chloride concentration causes a basolateral release of adenosine from the macula densa cells. This initiates a cascade of events that ultimately brings GFR to an appropriate level.[1][2][3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohippuric_acid
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